Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40019669›Full record

ArticleInternal and emergency medicine2025

Global burden and risk factors of MASLD: trends from 1990 to 2021 and predictions to 2030.

Minshan Huang, Hang Chen, Hui Wang, Yudi Zhang, Liya Li, Yang Lan, Lanqing Ma

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Internal and emergency medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
27citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

27 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Gut microbes · 2026
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  3. Review
  4. Observational
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Minshan Huang *The First Affiliated Hospital, Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, Kunming Medical University, No. 295 Xichang Road, Kunming, 650032, China.
Hang Chen *The First Affiliated Hospital, Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, Kunming Medical University, No. 295 Xichang Road, Kunming, 650032, China.
Hui WangThe First Affiliated Hospital, Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, Kunming Medical University, No. 295 Xichang Road, Kunming, 650032, China.
Yudi ZhangThe First Affiliated Hospital, Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, Kunming Medical University, No. 295 Xichang Road, Kunming, 650032, China.
Liya LiThe First Affiliated Hospital, Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, Kunming Medical University, No. 295 Xichang Road, Kunming, 650032, China.
Yang LanThe First Affiliated Hospital, Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, Kunming Medical University, No. 295 Xichang Road, Kunming, 650032, China.
Lanqing MaThe First Affiliated Hospital, Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, Kunming Medical University, No. 295 Xichang Road, Kunming, 650032, China. malanqing@kmmu.edu.cn.

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China 82160117
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The prevalence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is increasing globally, posing a major public health issue. This study analyzes the global, regional, and national burden of MASLD and its risk factors from 1990 to 2021, with projections to 2030. We obtained data on MASLD prevalence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 for 204 countries. Counts and rates per 100,000 population were calculated, and trends to 2030 were predicted using the Bayesian Age-Period-Cohort model. In 2021, there were 1,267.9 million MASLD cases globally, with 138.3 thousand deaths and 3667.3 thousand DALYs. The global age-standardized prevalence, death, and DALY rates were 15,018.1, 1.6, and 42.4 per 100,000 population, increasing by 24.3%, 5.5%, and 5.5% since 1990. North Africa and the Middle East had the highest prevalence, while Andean and Central Latin America had the highest death and DALY rates. Men aged 15-69 and 90-94 had higher DALY rates, while women aged 70-89 and 95+ had higher rates. A reversed V-shaped association was found between the sociodemographic index and DALY rate. High fasting plasma glucose (5.9%) and smoking (2.4%) were major risk factors. Public health efforts should prioritize early detection and management of MASLD in younger populations and develop targeted strategies for older adults, especially women, to reduce the disease burden. Effective policies to address high fasting plasma glucose and smoking can mitigate MASLD's impact.

Indexed as

Fatty LiverAdolescentAdultAgedAged, 80 and overBayes TheoremDisability-Adjusted Life YearsFemaleGlobal Burden of DiseaseGlobal HealthHumansMaleMiddle AgedPrevalenceRisk FactorsBayesian Age-Period-Cohort ModelDisability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs)EpidemiologyMortalityPublic Health Interventions

Identifiers

PMID40019669
PMCPMC12130103

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.