ArticleThe American journal on addictions2025
Case Series: Magnitude and duration of fentanyl and xylazine detection in the urine of persons with opioid use disorder.
Article in The American journal on addictions, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Interpol review of forensic drug chemistry, 2022-2025.Forensic science international. Synergy · 2026Review
- Manifestations of potential xylazine withdrawal: A retrospective cohort study with nested case series.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND/
objectivesThe pharmacology of fentanyl and xylazine is not characterized in persons regularly exposed to illicit fentanyl. This case series presents individual-level urine pharmacokinetics of fentanyl, norfentanyl, and xylazine in persons with opioid use disorder (OUD).
methodsParticipants (N = 11) provided urine samples (n = 95) for quantitative analysis. Terminal half-lives and predicted detection times were calculated.
resultsUrinary half-life ranges were: fentanyl 1.5-28.7 h, norfentanyl 5.2-27.4 h, and xylazine 1.1-25.2 h. Predicted detection window ranges were: fentanyl 13.0-130.9 h (0.5-5.5 days), norfentanyl 64.8-255.9 h (2.7-10.7 days), and xylazine 13.8-123.4 h (0.6-5.1 days). DISCUSSION/
conclusionsPersons are presenting with a high magnitude of drug exposure that lends to an extended duration of urinary detection. SIGNIFICANCE: First characterization of urinary excretion in persons with OUD.
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