SynthesisFrontiers in medicine2025
Association between cigarette smoking and the risk of major psychiatric disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis in depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder.
Synthesis in Frontiers in medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Specificity of environmental risk factors for schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, and depressive disorders - umbrella review.Psychological medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Smoking in primary headaches - a systematic review and meta-analysis.The journal of headache and pain · 2025Pooled it
- Higher adherence to a Nordic diet is associated with reduced risk of mild depressive symptoms: a population-based analysis.European journal of nutrition · 2026Article
- Mental health and substance use among women frequenting high-risk venues in Haiphong, Vietnam: findings from an adapted PLACE survey.The International journal on drug policy · 2026Article
- Depression and Anxiety Symptoms Among Combustible Cigarette Smokers, Heated Tobacco Users, and Non-Smokers: A Cross-Sectional Study in Lithuania.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Factors Associated with Smoking Status and Self-Reported Physical Activity Among Spanish Nursing Professionals: A Cross-Sectional Study.Nursing reports (Pavia, Italy) · 2026Article
- Risk of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders Following Parkinson's Disease: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study.Psychiatry investigation · 2026Article
- Comment on: Can depression, anxiety, and stress predict smoking?Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2026Article
- Inequalities in Access to and Outcomes of Cardiac Surgery Among Patients with Mental Health Disorders.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- COVID-19 and risk of first-time major depressive disorder in patients without history of psychiatric disorders.BMC psychiatry · 2026Observational
- Depression and psychiatric help-seeking as joint outcomes: a Bayesian multilevel analysis of household-level dependence.Health and quality of life outcomes · 2026Article
- Smoking and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder or bipolar disorder using electronic mental health records.BJPsych open · 2026Article
- Contactless depression screening via facial video-derived heart rate variability.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- The Effect of Meditation on Depression and Psychological Well-being Among Active Smokers.Annals of neurosciences · 2026Article
- Genetic variants in purine metabolism and treatment resistance in schizophrenia: evidence supporting the adenosine hypothesis - a pilot study.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Depression across the menopausal stages in the United Arab Emirates: prevalence and risk factors.Frontiers in global women's health · 2026Article
- Prevalence and correlates of suicidal behaviours among patients with depression and anxiety disorders in a multi-ethnic Asian setting.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Depressive trajectories and their associations with chronic diseases among older adults: a national longitudinal cohort study from China.BMC geriatrics · 2025Article
- Adiposity and the first-onset of diagnosed mental illnesses: a population-based cohort study of 10 million UK adults.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Prevalence, associated factors, and machine learning-based prediction of probable depression among individuals with chronic diseases in Bangladesh.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: The prevalence of cigarette smoking among patients with major psychiatric conditions is significantly higher than that in the general population. However, whether there is a causal association between cigarette smoking and major psychiatric disorders remains unclear. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies to elucidate the association between cigarette smoking and the risk of major psychiatric disorders, including depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for potentially eligible studies from their inception until March 2, 2024. All pooled analyses were performed using a random-effects model, and exploratory sensitivity and subgroup analyses were conducted. Results: Twenty-five cohort studies involving 2,917,030 individuals were included in the meta-analysis. The summary results indicated that both current smoking (relative risk [RR], 1.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18-1.43; Conclusion: Current smoking is significantly associated with an elevated risk of major psychiatric disorders, including major depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. Former smokers also have an elevated risk of major depression. However, it should be noted that, despite these significant associations, due to the nature of the cohort studies included, this study cannot establish a causal relationship between cigarette smoking and major psychiatric disorders. Systematic review registration: https://inplasy.com/inplasy-2024-3-0093/, identifier INPLASY202430093.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.