Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40018033›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in immunology2025

Partial protective efficacy of the current licensed Japanese encephalitis live vaccine against the emerging genotype I Japanese encephalitis virus isolated from sheep.

Hailong Zhang, Yan Zhang, Dan Li, Jiayang Zheng, Junjie Zhang, Zongjie Li, Ke Liu, Beibei Li, Donghua Shao, Yafeng Qiu and 3 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Hailong ZhangCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.
Yan ZhangShanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.
Dan LiShanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.
Jiayang ZhengShanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.
Junjie ZhangShanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.
Zongjie LiShanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.
Ke LiuShanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.
Beibei LiShanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.
Donghua ShaoShanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.
Yafeng QiuShanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.
Zhiyong MaShanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.
Jianchao WeiShanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.
Juxiang LiuCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Introduction: Vaccination remains the most effective strategy for preventing and controlling Japanese encephalitis (JE). The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) seroconversion has been documented in sheep and goats across various countries, with occasional fatal cases occurring among sheep on farms in China. Despite the widespread use of attenuated live vaccines, the efficacy of these vaccines in protecting sheep against JE remains uncertain. This study aimed to assess the protective efficacy of currently available attenuated vaccines against genotype I (GI) JEV strains isolated from sheep using a mouse challenge model. Methods: In this study, vaccination-challenge experiments were conducted using a mouse challenge model to assess the efficacy of attenuated vaccines. The specific vaccines tested were the SA14-14-2 (GI) and SD12-F120 (GI) attenuated live vaccines. The neutralizing antibodies generated by these vaccines were titrated to evaluate their levels of protection. Mice were immunized with high, medium, or low doses of the vaccines and then challenged with either homologous or heterologous JEV strains. The challenge strains included the SH2201 (GI) and N28 (GIII) strains. Viremia levels and the development of encephalitis lesions were monitored as indicators of protection. Results: The neutralizing antibody titers against the sheep-derived SH2201 (GI) strain were significantly lower in mice immunized with the SA14-14-2 (GIII) vaccine compared to those receiving the SD12-F120 (GI) vaccine. Immunization with high and medium doses of SA14-14-2 (GIII) vaccine provided complete protection against challenge with the homologous N28 (GIII) strain but only partial protection against the heterologous SH2201 (GI) strain. Mice immunized with medium and low doses of SA14-14-2 (GIII) vaccine showed varying levels of viremia and developed characteristic encephalitis lesions after being challenged with the heterologous SH2201 (GI) strain. Conversely, mice immunized with high and medium doses of the SD12-F120 (GI) vaccine exhibited 100% protection against the challenge with the homologous SH2201 (GI) strain. Discussion: The results of this study suggest that while the SA14-14-2 (GIII) attenuated live vaccine offers partial protection against sheep-derived GI strains, it is not fully effective against heterologous strains like SH2201 (GI). This highlights a significant gap in the ability of the current vaccines to protect across different JEV genotypes and host species. In contrast, the SD12-F120 (GI) vaccine demonstrated stronger protection against the homologous SH2201 (GI) strain. These findings indicate a pressing need for the development of new vaccination strategies that can provide broader and more effective protection against JE, particularly in diverse host species and against a wide range of JEV genotypes.

Indexed as

Encephalitis, JapaneseEncephalitis Virus, JapaneseJapanese Encephalitis VaccinesAnimalsAntibodies, NeutralizingAntibodies, ViralDisease Models, AnimalFemaleGenotypeMiceMice, Inbred BALB CSheepVaccinationVaccines, AttenuatedAntibodies, NeutralizingAntibodies, ViralJapanese Encephalitis VaccinesVaccines, AttenuatedJapanese encephalitis virusneutralizing antibodiesprotective efficacySA14-14-2 vaccinesheep

Identifiers

PMID40018033
PMCPMC11865068

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.