Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40017484›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in artificial intelligence2025

Balancing accuracy and user satisfaction: the role of prompt engineering in AI-driven healthcare solutions.

Mini Han Wang, Xudong Jiang, Peijin Zeng, Xinyue Li, Kelvin Kam-Lung Chong, Guanghui Hou, Xiaoxiao Fang, Yang Yu, Xiangrong Yu, Junbin Fang and 1 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in artificial intelligence, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
15citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

15 citing papers in PubMed.

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  6. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine: A Definition of Terms.Journal of community hospital internal medicine perspectives · 2026
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Mini Han WangZhuhai People's Hospital (The Affiliated Hospital of Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhuhai Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Zhuhai, China.
Xudong JiangZhuhai Institute of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhuhai, China.
Peijin ZengZhuhai Institute of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhuhai, China.
Xinyue LiSchool of Optometry & Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
Kelvin Kam-Lung ChongDepartment of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
Guanghui HouZhuhai Aier Eye Hospital, Zhuhai, China.
Xiaoxiao FangZhuhai Aier Eye Hospital, Zhuhai, China.
Yang YuZhuhai Aier Eye Hospital, Zhuhai, China.
Xiangrong YuZhuhai People's Hospital (The Affiliated Hospital of Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhuhai Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Zhuhai, China.
Junbin FangDepartment of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China.
Yi PanKey Laboratory of Intelligent Bioinformatics, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Introduction: The rapid evolution of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) has opened new possibilities for public healthcare. Effective integration of these technologies is essential to ensure precise and efficient healthcare delivery. This study explores the application of IoT-enabled, AI-driven systems for detecting and managing Dry Eye Disease (DED), emphasizing the use of prompt engineering to enhance system performance. Methods: A specialized prompt mechanism was developed utilizing OpenAI GPT-4.0 and ERNIE Bot-4.0 APIs to assess the urgency of medical attention based on 5,747 simulated patient complaints. A Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) machine learning model was employed for text classification to differentiate urgent from non-urgent cases. User satisfaction was evaluated through composite scores derived from Service Experiences (SE) and Medical Quality (MQ) assessments. Results: The comparison between prompted and non-prompted queries revealed a significant accuracy increase from 80.1% to 99.6%. However, this improvement was accompanied by a notable rise in response time, resulting in a decrease in SE scores (95.5 to 84.7) but a substantial increase in MQ satisfaction (73.4 to 96.7). These findings indicate a trade-off between accuracy and user satisfaction. Discussion: The study highlights the critical role of prompt engineering in improving AI-based healthcare services. While enhanced accuracy is achievable, careful attention must be given to balancing response time and user satisfaction. Future research should optimize prompt structures, explore dynamic prompting approaches, and prioritize real-time evaluations to address the identified challenges and maximize the potential of IoT-integrated AI systems in medical applications.

Indexed as

artificial intelligence (AI)dry eye disease (DED)generative pre-trained transformer-4 (GPT-4)healthcare virtual assistantinternet of things (IoT)prompt engineering

Identifiers

PMID40017484
PMCPMC11865202

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.