ArticleNature communications2025
Ethylene promotes SMAX1 accumulation to inhibit arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis.
Article in Nature communications, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- From invitation to eviction: How plants control arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.Plant signaling & behavior · 2026Review
- The Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase GhNTF3 Modulates the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis-Immunity Trade-Off in Cotton by Regulating Salicylic Acid Biosynthesis.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Hidden conversations beneath the soil: microRNA and hormone control of root symbioses.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- ERF transcription factor StPti5 is a regulator of endophyte community maintenance in potato.The New phytologist · 2026Article
- Divergent strigolactones or karrikins signaling is mediated by preferred AtD14/KAI2-MAX2-SMXL complex targeting specific SMXL domains.iScience · 2026Article
- Review
- Autoactive MtDMI1 Reprogrammes Immunity and Development in Tomato via Ethylene Signalling.Plant biotechnology journal · 2026Article
- Crosstalk between strigolactone and KAI2/KL signalling in plant growth and stress responses.Frontiers in plant science · 2026Review
- Regulation of arbuscular mycorrhiza development by environmental stimuli: Many roads lead to strigolactones.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- ABA promotes fatty acid biosynthesis and transport to boost arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in apple roots.Plant communications · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Most land plants engage in arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) symbiosis with Glomeromycotina fungi for better access to mineral nutrients. The plant hormone ethylene suppresses AM development, but a molecular explanation for this phenomenon is lacking. Here we show that ethylene inhibits the expression of many genes required for AM formation in Lotus japonicus. These genes include strigolactone biosynthesis genes, which are needed for fungal activation, and Common Symbiosis genes, which are required for fungal entry into the root. Application of strigolactone analogs and ectopic expression of the Common Symbiosis gene Calcium Calmodulin-dependent Kinase (CCaMK) counteracts the effect of ethylene. Therefore, ethylene likely inhibits AM development by suppressing expression of these genes rather than by inducing defense responses. These same genes are regulated by SUPPRESSOR OF MAX2 1 (SMAX1), a transcriptional repressor that is proteolyzed during karrikin signaling. SMAX1 is required for suppression of AM by ethylene, and SMAX1 abundance in nuclei increases after ethylene application. We conclude that ethylene suppresses AM by promoting accumulation of SMAX1. SMAX1 emerges as a signaling hub that integrates karrikin and ethylene signaling, thereby orchestrating development of a major plant symbiosis with a plant's physiological state.
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