Trial reportObstetrics and gynecology2025
Long-Term Changes to Cardiovascular Biomarkers After Hormone Therapy in the Women's Health Initiative Hormone Therapy Clinical Trials.
Trial report in Obstetrics and gynecology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT00000611 (Women's Health Initiative), which is not on this map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Women's Health Initiative (WHI)
Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Hormone therapy and insulin resistance in non-diabetic postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society · 2025Pooled it
- Risk stacking in peripheral artery disease (PAD): Integrating genetics, cardiometabolic disease and social determinants of health to explain worsening PAD outcomes.International journal of cardiology. Cardiovascular risk and prevention · 2026Article
- Prescription Medication Use Among Women Aged 40 and Older in the United States from 1999 to 2020.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2026Article
- Influence of Cardiometabolic Status on Cardiovascular Effects of Oral Menopausal Hormone Therapy.Obstetrics and gynecology · 2026Article
- Association Between Endometriosis and Cardiovascular Disease: Insights From the UK Biobank.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2026Article
- Then and Now: What We Have Learned From the WHI.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Review
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Outcomes of Hormone Replacement Therapy in Women Aged 65 Years and Older: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials.Clinical pharmacology : advances and applications · 2026Review
- Cardiovascular Risk Associated with Menopause and Menopause Hormone Therapy: A Review and Contemporary Approach to Risk Assessment.Current atherosclerosis reports · 2025Review
- The association between the uric acid to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (UHR) index and obesity in postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional analysis based on the NHANES.Lipids in health and disease · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo assess the long-term changes in cardiovascular biomarkers during the WHI (Women's Health Initiative) hormone therapy (HT) clinical trials of conjugated equine estrogens (CEE) alone and CEE plus medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA).
methodsHT trial participants from the CEE alone (n=1,188, 0.625 mg/d CEE or placebo) and the CEE+MPA (n=1,508, 0.625 mg/d CEE plus continuous 2.5 mg/d MPA or placebo) trials provided blood samples at baseline and after 1, 3, and 6 years. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C; primary endpoint), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides, total cholesterol, lipoprotein(a), glucose, insulin, and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance were measured. Repeated-measures regression models estimated the geometric means of each log-transformed biomarker by restricted maximum likelihood. A constant treatment effect across visits was used to estimate the overall effect, expressed as a ratio of geometric means, and was complemented with geometric means (95% CIs) by randomization group and corresponding ratios of geometric means (95% CI; HT vs placebo) at each visit.
resultsDuring the intervention phase of the CEE-alone trial, randomization to CEE reduced LDL-C by 11% over 6 years (ratio of geometric means 0.89, 95% CI, 0.88-0.91, P <.001). The overall reduction in LDL-C was similar for CEE+MPA relative to placebo (ratio of geometric means 0.88, 95% CI, 0.86-0.89, P <.001). Relative to placebo, HDL-C and triglycerides were 13.0% and 7.0% higher with CEE and CEE+MPA, respectively. The homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance decreased by 14.0% and 8.0% for CEE-alone and CEE+MPA trial participants, respectively. Relative to placebo, lipoprotein(a) decreased by 15.0% and 20.0% for participants randomized to CEE alone and CEE+MPA, respectively.
conclusionLipoprotein(a), LDL-C, and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance were lower and HDL-C levels were higher for HT compared with placebo. Triglycerides increased in both the CEE and CEE+MPA trials, however. Future research should assess whether other progestogens attenuate the effect of estrogen on HDL-C. These results may be used to counsel younger menopausal women with bothersome symptoms who are deciding whether to initiate oral HT within the context of published effects of oral HT on rates of cardiovascular events. CLINICAL
trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov , NCT00000611.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.