ArticleMMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report2025
Interim Estimates of 2024-2025 Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness - Four Vaccine Effectiveness Networks, United States, October 2024-February 2025.
Article in MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 47 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed.
- Evaluation of influenza vaccine effectiveness among older adults in Jiaxing, China, 2022-2025: A test negative design-based study.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Effectiveness of live-attenuated and inactivated influenza vaccines against influenza in 2-17-y-old children, United States, 2022-2025.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Waning immunity and the future of booster vaccination strategies in global vaccine programs post COVID-19.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Influenza vaccine effectiveness against hospitalization in children aged 6-72 months: a test-negative study in the Southern Italy, 2022-2026.Infection · 2026Article
- The Impact of Influenza on Health-Related Quality of Life, Work Productivity, and Activity Impairment Among Symptomatic US Patients with Influenza.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2026Article
- Effectiveness of a trivalent inactivated split-virion influenza vaccine (Tri Fluvac) in Thailand: a phase IV test-negative case-control study.The Lancet regional health. Southeast Asia · 2026Article
- Absolute and Relative Effectiveness of Cell Culture-Based and Egg-Based Quadrivalent Inactivated Influenza (Flu) Vaccine Products From the 2014-2015 to 2018-2019 Seasons, US Flu VE Network.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Observational
- Recombinant Influenza Vaccine and Influenza Outbreaks in US Nursing Homes: Results From a Pragmatic Cluster-Randomized Clinical Trial.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Influenza vaccination in children with underlying conditions: affirming effectiveness and confronting gaps.Translational pediatrics · 2026Article
- Article
- Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Influenza-Associated Hospitalizations and Emergency Department or Urgent Care Encounters Among Children and Adults-VISION, United States, 2024-2025 Season.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccines and Duration of Protection Against Hospitalisation During the 2024/25 Season in Northern Ireland, UK.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2026Article
- Effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccine against dominant A(H1N1)pdm09 in adults ≥ 60 years: a multicenter test-negative design in Zhejiang, China, 2024-2025.BMC geriatrics · 2026Observational
- Influenza vaccine effectiveness against outpatient acute respiratory illness with laboratory-confirmed influenza, United States, 2024-25 season.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- Clinical Impact of RSV Vaccination in Hemodialysis Patients: Real-World Evidence on Hospitalization Risk and the Role of Chronic Lung Disease.Advances in respiratory medicine · 2026Article
- Adaptive multi-model ensembles for improved epidemic projections and decision support.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- A subunit vaccine for multiple respiratory viruses.Science advances · 2026Article
- Genomic Evolution of Influenza A Virus During the 2024-2025 Season, the Johns Hopkins Health System: Antigenic Drift Reduces Serum Neutralization.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Influenza Vaccine and Associated Infection and Death in California, 2024 to 2025.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Influenza Activity and Estimated Vaccine Effectiveness During the 2025-2026 Influenza Season.JAMA network open · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
56 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Annual influenza vaccination is recommended for all persons aged ≥6 months in the United States. Interim influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) was calculated among patients with acute respiratory illness-associated outpatient visits and hospitalizations from four VE networks during the 2024-25 influenza season (October 2024-February 2025). Among children and adolescents aged <18 years, VE against any influenza was 32%, 59%, and 60% in the outpatient setting in three networks, and against influenza-associated hospitalization was 63% and 78% in two networks. Among adults aged ≥18 years, VE in the outpatient setting was 36% and 54% in two networks and was 41% and 55% against hospitalization in two networks. Preliminary estimates indicate that receipt of the 2024-2025 influenza vaccine reduced the likelihood of medically attended influenza and influenza-associated hospitalization. CDC recommends annual receipt of an age-appropriate influenza vaccine by all eligible persons aged ≥6 months as long as influenza viruses continue to circulate locally.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.