Trial reportJournal of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation and prevention2025
A Confirmatory Factory Analysis of the Exercise Sensitivity Questionnaire (ESQ).
Trial report in Journal of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation and prevention, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeThe Exercise Sensitivity Questionnaire (ESQ) is a self-report measure used to assess the extent to which different physical sensations of exercise elicit anxiety (ie, exercise sensitivity). The ESQ was developed for individuals with cardiovascular conditions and initially validated in a non-clinical sample. This study evaluates the factor structure and measurement invariance in a clinical sample of adults with various cardiovascular conditions.
methodsThis was a cross-sectional study with retrospective chart review. Patients (N = 265; 73% male, mean age 67.8 ± 10.5 years) were attending an orientation for outpatient medically supervised exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation. The factor structure was examined using Confirmatory Factor Analysis, and tests of measurement invariance were evaluated by sex and advanced age (<65 years, >65 years). Internal consistency, descriptive characteristics, and correlates of ESQ scores and its factors were evaluated. Concurrent validity was evaluated in a subset of patients (N = 57) with elevated exercise sensitivity.
resultsThe Confirmatory Factor Analysis supported a 2-factor model, which was invariant, but not a 1-factor model, and reflected anxiety about (1) cardiopulmonary and (2) pain/weakness exercise sensations. Internal consistency of ESQ items was high. ESQ scores were associated with higher body mass index and shorter 6-Minute Walk Test distance, particularly the pain/weakness factor. ESQ scores evidenced preliminary concurrent validity with anxiety sensitivity and general anxiety but discriminant validity with depressive symptoms.
conclusionsThere is support for the validity and reliability of ESQ scores as a 2-dimensional index of exercise sensitivity. The ESQ taps a psychological phenotype with relevance to exercise tolerance, and potentially cardiac rehabilitation participation, that warrants continued investigation.
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