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ArticleHealth science reports2025

Mpox and Viral Co-Infections: A Narrative Review.

Mohsen Nakhaie, Mohammad Rezaei Zadeh Rukerd, Niloofar Farsiu, Davood Bashash, Fatemeh Khodadadpour Mahani, Nasir Arefinia, Javad Charostad, Mohammad Zarei, Farzane Behnezhad

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Health science reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Monkeypox in South Asia: a systematic review.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025
    Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Mohsen NakhaieGastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences Kerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman Iran.ORCID 0000-0001-7605-2593
Mohammad Rezaei Zadeh RukerdGastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences Kerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman Iran.
Niloofar FarsiuGastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences Kerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman Iran.ORCID 0009-0007-5488-6969
Davood BashashDepartment of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran.
Fatemeh Khodadadpour MahaniGastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences Kerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman Iran.
Nasir ArefiniaStudent Research Committee Jiroft University of Medical Sciences Jiroft Iran.ORCID 0000-0002-7282-3538
Javad CharostadDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Yazd Iran.
Mohammad ZareiRenal Division, Brigham & Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA.
Farzane BehnezhadDepartment of virology, School of Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background and Aims: Monkeypox (Mpox), caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), has emerged as a significant global public health concern, particularly following a substantial multi-country outbreak in mid-2022. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported 109,699 laboratory-confirmed Mpox cases and 236 fatalities worldwide from January 1, 2022, to September 30, 2024. This narrative review aims to evaluate the co-infections of Mpox with various viral agents and assess their implications for public health. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive review of the literature regarding Mpox co-infections with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), hepatitis viruses (hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV)), and herpesviruses (including herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1, HSV-2, varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV)). Results: We analyzed epidemiological trends, clinical manifestations, preventive measures, treatment guidelines, and advanced diagnostic methodologies. The review highlights the intricate dynamics of Mpox co-infections and underscores the necessity for comprehensive diagnostic approaches, including viral load assays, to evaluate active co-infections, particularly for HIV and HBV. Conclusion: Understanding the interplay between MPXV and other viral pathogens is crucial for enhancing management strategies for co-infections. By addressing these complexities, we aim to contribute valuable insights into the public health implications of Mpox co-infections and improve response strategies.

Indexed as

Co‐infectionHerpesviridaeHuman Immunodeficiency VirusMonkeypoxSevere Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2Viral hepatitis

Identifiers

PMID40012816
PMCPMC11861034

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.