SynthesisBMC pediatrics2025
The effect of breast milk odor on infant pain and stress levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in BMC pediatrics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Neonatal neuroplasticity and metaplasticity: bridging neuroscience to clinical practice.Pediatric research · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundEffective management of neonatal pain and stress is crucial, with non-pharmacological approaches like maternal odor showing promise. However, mixed evidence exists on its efficacy. This study aims to comprehensively assess the effects of breast milk odor on pain and stress (primary outcomes) and on oxygen saturation (SpO2) and heart rate (secondary outcomes) in neonates.
methodsA thorough search was conducted on PubMed, Cochrane, SID, Embase, and Google Scholar until January 14, 2025, without time restrictions. A meta-analysis was performed to compare outcomes between intervention and control groups, assessing heterogeneity using the I
resultsThe systematic review included seven studies (RCT and quasi-experimental) revealing that breast milk odor significantly reduces pain responses in neonates (SMD: -1.60, 95% CI: -2.48, -0.72; I
conclusionThe review underscores the potential of breast milk odor as a non-pharmacological intervention for managing pain in neonates. However, the low to very low certainty of evidence calls for further research to validate these findings and improve neonatal care protocols.
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Registered trials
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