ArticleBMJ global health2025
Early warning and response systems for respiratory disease outbreaks: lessons learnt from cluster-associated cases of acute respiratory illnesses in Gilgil subcounty, Nakuru County, Kenya, 2021.
Article in BMJ global health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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18 authors.
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Abstract
Investigating acute respiratory illnesses (ARIs) is difficult due to non-specific symptoms, varied health-seeking behaviors, and resource limitations; yet early detection is critical to global health security. Kenya's Ministry of Health (MOH) uses the Integrated Disease Surveillance strategy for public health surveillance, incorporating event-based surveillance (EBS) and indicator-based surveillance (IBS) for early warning system. MOH, supported by the US-CDC, established Influenza Sentinel Surveillance (ISS) in 2006 and later launched community EBS (CEBS) and health facility EBS (HEBS) pilots to enhance surveillance for COVID-19. On March 2, 2021, the CEBS system detected a signal of "Two or more people presenting with similar signs and symptoms in a community within a week" in a county. Investigations launched on March 4, 2021, investigations revealed unreported ARI cases which had been missed by both the ISS and IBS. A total of 176 ARI cases were line-listed with 91/176 (51.7%) aged <5-years and 46/176 (26.1%) hospitalized. RT-PCR tests confirmed 34/79 (43.0%) SARS-CoV-2 and 1/7 (14.3%) A/H3N2 cases. Of the CEBS, HEBS, IBS, and ISS systems deployed by the county to strengthen the early warning for respiratory diseases, CEBS detected a signal of unreported ARIs that facilitated further investigations and response.
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