ArticleJournal of psychiatric research2025
Prevalence, age-of-onset, and course of mental disorders among 72,288 first-year university students from 18 countries in the World Mental Health International College Student (WMH-ICS) initiative.
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Article in Journal of psychiatric research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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35citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Mental health in university students: an umbrella review grading the evidence for psychosocial interventions.BMJ mental health · 2026Pooled it
- Exploring global efforts in mental health screening and early detection.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- "StudiCare Mindfulness": effects of an online mindfulness-based intervention on mindfulness, stress, and interoception in university students - a randomized controlled trial.BMC psychology · 2026Trial
- Brazilian higher education system at the crossroads: the undergraduate student mental health crisis.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2026Review
- Prevalence and associations of lifetime, 12-month, and 30-day suicidal thoughts and behaviours among 3,702 First-Year university students in New Zealand.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2026Article
- Article
- Digitalization of Intervention Delivery and Its Impact on the Effects of Interventions for Mental Well-Being in Higher Education Students: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocol.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Institution-Level and Individual Factors Associated with Student Mental Health in Germany: A Multilevel Analysis of StudiBiFra Data.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Depression and general self-efficacy among first-generation college students in China: a longitudinal analysis.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Symptom network for psychological distress in college freshmen: a large sample bayesian network analysis.BMC psychology · 2026Article
- University students' interest in intervention research participation is associated with gender, age and symptoms of depression, general and social anxiety, panic disorder and self-harm.BMC research notes · 2026Article
- A Meta-Analysis Examining the Efficacy and Predictors of Change in Mindfulness- and Self-Compassion-Based Interventions (MBSCIs) in Reducing Psychological Distress Among University Students.European journal of investigation in health, psychology and education · 2026Review
- Mental disorders & self-injurious thoughts and behaviors predict high risk of role impairment among university students - results from the world mental health international college student initiative.Journal of affective disorders · 2026Article
- Risk Factors for Development of New-onset Anxiety and Depression After Sports Medicine Surgeries in Patients 25 Years of Age or Younger.Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Global research & reviews · 2026Article
- Linking Critical Thinking Dispositions to Well-Being in Higher Education: A Cross-Sectional Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Health Inequalities in German Higher Education: A Cross-Sectional Study Reveals Poorer Health in First-Generation University Students and University Students with Lower Subjective Social Status.European journal of investigation in health, psychology and education · 2026Article
- Timing for green prescription: comparing the immediate and cumulative effects of different duration horticultural therapy programs on college students' mental health.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Mindful of yourself: the initial evaluation of an online health promotion programme for university students.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Editorial: Advances in the social determinants of health for college students with ADHD.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Article
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Authors and funding
76 authors.
Andre MasonDepartment of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, 135 Park St, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand; School of Psychological and Social Sciences, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand. Electronic address: Andre.mason@waikato.ac.nz.
Charlene RapseyDepartment of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, 135 Park St, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand. Electronic address: charlene.rapsey@otago.ac.nz.
Nancy SampsonDepartment of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, 180 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. Electronic address: sampson@hcp.med.harvard.edu.
Sue LeeDepartment of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, 180 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. Electronic address: sue_lee@hcp.med.harvard.edu.
Yesica AlborCenter for Global Mental Health, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Av. Ramón de la Fuente 495, Mexico City, C.P. 14370, Mexico. Electronic address: yesicaalbor@outlook.es.
Ahmad N Al-HadiDepartment of Psychiatry, & SABIC Psychological Health Research & Applications Chair (SPHRAC), College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2925, Riyadh, 11461, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: alhadi@ksu.edu.sa.
Jordi AlonsoHealth Services Research Unit, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, C/ del Doctor Aiguader, 88 08003, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Carrer del Doctor Aiguader, 88 08003, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Carrer del Doctor Aiguader, 88 08003, Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: jalonso@researchmar.net.
Nouf Al-SaudBiostatistics, Epidemiology and Scientific Computing Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: nbalsaud@kfshrc.edu.sa.
Yasmin AltwaijriBiostatistics, Epidemiology and Scientific Computing Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: yasmint@kfshrc.edu.sa.
Claes AnderssonDepartment of Criminology, Malmö University, Nordenskiöldsgatan 10, 211 19, Malmö, Sweden. Electronic address: claes.andersson@mau.se.
Lukoye AtwoliBrain and Mind Institute and Medical College of East Africa, The Aga Khan University, 3rd Parklands Avenue, Nairobi, Kenya. Electronic address: lukoye.atwoli@aku.edu.
Randy P AuerbachDepartment of Psychiatry, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Dr, New York, NY, 10032, USA. Electronic address: rpa2009@cumc.columbia.edu.
Caroline AyuyaDepartment of Psychology & Counselling, Daystar University, P.O. Box 10195, Nairobi, Kenya. Electronic address: cvihenda@daystar.ac.ke.
Patricia M Báez-MansurCoordinación de Desarrollo Académico y Servicios Educativos, Universidad la Salle Ciudad Victoria, Av. Universidad 300, Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, C.P. 87000, Mexico. Electronic address: patricia.baez@ulsavictoria.edu.mx.
Laura BallesterDepartment of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Carrer del Doctor Aiguader, 88 08003, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Carrer del Doctor Aiguader, 88 08003, Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: lballester@researchmar.net.
Jason BantjesMental Health, Alcohol, Substance Use and Tobacco (MAST) Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Francie van Zijl Dr, Cape Town, 7500, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, P.O. Box 19070, Observatory, 7725, Cape Town, South Africa. Electronic address: Jason.Bantjes@mrc.ac.za.
Harald BaumeisterDepartment of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Helmut-G.-Walther-Str. 3, 89081, Ulm, Germany. Electronic address: harald.baumeister@uni-ulm.de.
Marcus BendtsenDepartment of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden. Electronic address: marcus.bendtsen@liu.se.
Corina BenjetCenter for Global Mental Health, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Av. Ramón de la Fuente 495, Mexico City, C.P. 14370, Mexico. Electronic address: cbenjet@gmail.com.
Anne H BermanDepartment of Psychology, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden. Electronic address: anne.h.berman@psyk.uu.se.
Erik BootsmaCenter for Public Health Psychiatry, Universitair Psychiatrisch Centrum - Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium. Electronic address: ronny.bruffaerts@uzleuven.be.
Silver C N ChanCounseling and Wellness Center, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China. Electronic address: sasilver@ust.hk.
Irina CohutCareer Counseling and Guidance Center, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Str. Memorandumului 28, 400114, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. Electronic address: psih.ococ@ococ.utcluj.ro.
María Anabell Covarrubias Díaz CouderCoordinación de Investigación, Universidad la Salle Noroeste, Av. 5 de Febrero 809, Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, C.P. 85000, Mexico. Electronic address: Anabell.covarrubias@lasallenoroeste.edu.mx.
Pim CuijpersDepartment of Clinical, Neuro- and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorstraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Electronic address: p.cuijpers@vu.nl.
Oana DavidDepartment of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babeş-Bolyai University, Str. Treboniu Laurian, 400271, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. Electronic address: oanadavid@psychology.ro.
Dong DongSchool of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China. Electronic address: dongdong@cuhk.edu.hk.
David D EbertProfessorship Psychology and Digital Mental Health Care, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, München, Germany. Electronic address: david.daniel.ebert@tum.de.
Mireia Felez NobregaSant Joan de Déu Research Institute, Carrer de Santa Rosa, 39-57, 08950, Esplugues del Llobregat, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERSAM), Paseo del Prado, 20 28014, Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: mireia.felez@sjd.es.
Jorge GaeteMillennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths (Imhay), Av. Presidente Kennedy, 5700, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Salud Mental Estudiantil (ISME), Universidad de los Andes, Av. Presidente Kennedy, Las Condes, 5700, Santiago, Chile. Electronic address: jgaete@uandes.cl.
Carlos García ForeroDepartamento de Medicina, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Carrer de Urgell 236, 08036, Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: cgarciaf@uic.es.
Margalida GiliUniversitat Illes Balears (UIB), Crta. de Valldemossa, Km 7.5, 07122, Palma, Mallorca, Spain. Electronic address: margalida.gili@gmail.com.
Raúl Gutiérrez-GarcíaUniversidad De La Salle Bajío, Campus Salamanca, Carr. a la Victoria, km 1.5, Salamanca, Gto, 36810, Mexico. Electronic address: raulgutierrezgarcia7@gmail.com.
Josep Maria HaroSant Joan de Déu Research Institute, Carrer de Santa Rosa, 39-57, 08950, Esplugues del Llobregat, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERSAM), Paseo del Prado, 20 28014, Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: josepmaria.haro@sjd.es.
Penelope HaskingSchool of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Perth, Australia. Electronic address: penelope.hasking@curtin.edu.au.
Kristen HudecDepartment of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada. Electronic address: kristen.hudec@ubc.ca.
Xanthe HuntInstitute for Life Course Health Research, Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, 7600, Stellenbosch, South Africa. Electronic address: xanthe@sun.ac.za.
Petra HurksFaculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands. Electronic address: pm.hurks@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
Mathilde HuskyINSERM U1219, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, ACTIVE Team, University of Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux, France. Electronic address: mathilde.husky@u-bordeaux.fr.
Florence JagugaDepartment of Alcohol and Drug Abuse Rehabilitation Services, Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, P.O. Box 3, 30100, Eldoret, Kenya. Electronic address: flokemboi@gmail.com.
Leontien JansenCenter for Public Health Psychiatry, Universitair Psychiatrisch Centrum - Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium. Electronic address: leontien.jansen@kuleuven.be.
Fanny KählkeProfessorship Psychology and Digital Mental Health Care, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, München, Germany. Electronic address: fanny.kaehlke@tum.de.
Elisabeth KlinkenbergDepartment of Education and Innovation, in Holland University of Applied Sciences, Molenweide 24, 2034 ZH, Haarlem, the Netherlands. Electronic address: lisa.klinkenberg@inholland.nl.
Ann-Marie KüchlerDepartment of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Helmut-G.-Walther-Str. 3, 89081, Ulm, Germany. Electronic address: ann-marie.kuechler@uni-ulm.de.
Álvaro I LangerMillennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths (Imhay), Av. Presidente Kennedy, 5700, Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Psicología y Humanidades, Universidad San Sebastián, Avenida Picarte 1610, Valdivia, Chile. Electronic address: alvaro.langer@gmail.com.
Irene LénizDirección de Salud Mental, Universidad de O'Higgins, Av. O'Higgins 130, Rancagua, Chile. Electronic address: irene.leniz@uoh.cl.
Yan LiuSchool of Public Health, Jining Medical University, 25 South Zhongshan Rd, Jining, Shandong, China. Electronic address: hakunaly@163.com.
Scarlett Mac-GintyMillennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths (Imhay), Av. Presidente Kennedy, 5700, Santiago, Chile; Department of Health Service & Population Research, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Ln, London, SE5 9NP, United Kingdom. Electronic address: scarlettmf@u.uchile.cl.
Vania MartínezMillennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths (Imhay), Av. Presidente Kennedy, 5700, Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 1058, Santiago, Chile. Electronic address: vmartinezn@uchile.cl.
Muthoni MathaiDepartment of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya. Electronic address: muthonimathai@gmail.com.
Margaret McLaffertySchool of Medicine, Ulster University, 100 University Ave, Derry/Londonderry, Derry, BT47 6AL, United Kingdom. Electronic address: Margaret.McLafferty@atu.ie.
Andrea Miranda-MendizabalSant Joan de Déu Research Institute, Carrer de Santa Rosa, 39-57, 08950, Esplugues del Llobregat, Spain; rather Than Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, IRSJD, Carrer del Celler, 08130, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain. Electronic address: andrea.miranda@sjd.es.
Elaine MurrayPersonalised Medicine Centre, School of Medicine, Ulster University, C-TRIC, Altnagelvin Hospital, Derry, 100 University Ave, Derry, BT47 6AL, United Kingdom. Electronic address: e.murray@ulster.ac.uk.
Catherine M MusyokaDepartment of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya. Electronic address: camulundu2011@gmail.com.
Catalin NedelceaDepartment of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, University of Bucharest, Str. Bdul. Regina Elisabeta 4-12, 030018, Bucharest, Romania. Electronic address: catalin.nedelcea@fpse.unibuc.ro.
Chun Ho NgaiSchool of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China. Electronic address: alfonsengai@cuhk.edu.hk.
Daniel NúñezMillennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths (Imhay), Av. Presidente Kennedy, 5700, Santiago, Chile; Faculty of Psychology, Universidad de Talca, Av. Marcelino Núñez 045, Talca, Chile. Electronic address: dnunez@utalca.cl.
Siobhan O'NeillSchool of Psychology, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, United Kingdom. Electronic address: sm.oneill@ulster.ac.uk.
Jose A PiquerasUniversidad Miguel Hernandez (UMH), Elche, 03202, Alicante, Spain. Electronic address: jpiqueras@umh.es.
Codruta A PopescuDepartment of Human Sciences, ''Iuliu Hatieganu'' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Str. Victor Babeș 8, 400012, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. Electronic address: cpopescu@umfcluj.ro.
Kealagh RobinsonSchool of Psychology, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand. Electronic address: k.robinson2@massey.ac.nz.
Tiscar Rodriguez-JimenezUniversidad de Zaragoza (UNIZAR), Calle Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain. Electronic address: trodriguez@unizar.es.
Damian ScarfDepartment of Psychology, University of Otago, 135 Park Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand. Electronic address: damian.scarf@otago.ac.nz.
Oi Ling SiuDepartment of Psychology, Lingnan University, 8 Castle Peak Road, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China. Electronic address: siuol@ln.edu.hk.
Dan J SteinDepartment of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, P.O. Box 19070, Observatory, 7725, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town, P.O. Box 19070, Observatory, 7725, South Africa. Electronic address: dan.stein@uct.ac.za.
Sascha Y StruijsDepartment of Clinical, Neuro- and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorstraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Electronic address: s.y.struijs@vu.nl.
Cristina TomoiagaDepartment of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babeş-Bolyai University, Str. Treboniu Laurian, 400271, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. Electronic address: cristinalorint@psychology.ro.
Karla Patricia Valdés-GarcíaFacultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Av. Universidad 250, Ciudad Universitaria, 25280, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico. Electronic address: karlavaldes@uadec.edu.mx.
Sanne van LuenenDepartment of Clinical Psychology, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK, Leiden, the Netherlands. Electronic address: s.van.luenen@fsw.leidenuniv.nl.
Daniel V VigoDepartment of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada. Electronic address: daniel.vigo@ubc.ca.
Angel Y WangDepartment of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada. Electronic address: angel.wang@ubc.ca.
Reinout WiersDepartment of Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Roetersstraat 15, 1018 WB, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Electronic address: R.W.H.J.Wiers@uva.nl.
Samuel Y S WongSchool of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China. Electronic address: yeungshanwong@cuhk.edu.hk.
Ronald C KesslerDepartment of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, 180 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. Electronic address: kessler@hcp.med.harvard.edu.
Ronny BruffaertsCenter for Public Health Psychiatry, Universitair Psychiatrisch Centrum - Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium. Electronic address: ejhl.bootsma@gmail.com.
WMH-ICS collaborators
Funding
Risk Factors for Psychopathology in the WHO WMH SurveysR01MH070884 · NIMH · HARVARD UNIVERSITY (MEDICAL SCHOOL) · PI KESSLER, RONALD C · 2005 to 2009
$6.0MSocial Role Disability and Mental-Physical Co-MorbidityR01MH069864 · NIMH · KAISER FOUNDATION HEALTH PLAN OF WASHINGTON · PI VON KORFF, MICHAEL R · 2004 to 2007
$2.2MCROSS-NATIONAL STUDIES OF DRUG INVOLVEMENT: WMH2000R01DA016558 · NIDA · MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY · PI ANTHONY, JAMES CHRISTOPHER · 2003 to 2008
$1.7MWorld Mental Health Consortium Annual Meeting 2003-07R13MH066849 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI HEERINGA, STEVEN G · 2003 to 2007
$735kPredicting Internet-Based Treatment Response for Major Depressive DisorderR56MH109566 · NIMH · MCLEAN HOSPITAL · PI AUERBACH, RANDY PATRICK · 2016 to 2017
$685kLebanon-Epidemiology: The NCS Replication StudyR03TW006481 · FIC · HARVARD UNIVERSITY (MEDICAL SCHOOL) · PI KESSLER, RONALD C · 2004 to 2006
$142kFIC NIH HHS R03 TW006481NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA016558NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH069864NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH070884NIMH NIH HHS R13 MH066849NIMH NIH HHS R56 MH109566
Abstract
backgroundThe college years are a developmentally sensitive period for mental disorder onset. Reliable epidemiological data are critical for informing public health responses. This study aimed to estimate prevalence and socio-demographic distributions of common DSM-5 mental disorders among first-year university students from 77 universities across 18 countries.
methodsData were collected 2017-2023 in the World Mental Health International College Student Initiative with n = 72,288 university students. Online surveys assessed alcohol use, attention-deficit/hyperactivity, bipolar, drug use, generalized anxiety, major depression, panic, and post-traumatic stress disorders with validated screening scales. Socio-demographics included student age, sex at birth, gender modality, sexual orientation, and parent education.
resultsThe weighted mean response rate was 20.8%. Data were calibrated for differential response rates by sex at birth and age. 65.2% of respondents screened positive for lifetime mental disorders and 57.4% for 12-month mental disorders. Females had higher prevalence of internalizing disorders and males of substance and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders. Older age was associated with lower prevalence of most 12-month but not lifetime mental disorders. Non-heterosexual sexual orientation and identifying as transgender were associated with highest prevalence of most mental disorders. Parent education was for the most part uncorrelated with prevalence.
conclusionsAlthough prevalence might have been overestimated due to the low response rate and possible screening scale miscalibration, results nonetheless suggest that mental disorders are highly prevalent among first-year university students worldwide and are widely distributed with respect to socio-demographic characteristics. These findings highlight the need to implement effective interventions to better support first-year university student mental health.
Indexed as
Global HealthMental DisordersStudentsAdolescentAdultAge of OnsetFemaleHumansMalePrevalenceUniversitiesYoung AdultCollege studentsMental disordersWMH-ICS
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