ArticleChemSusChem2025
Sustainable Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Medium- and Long-Chain Alkyl Levulinates from Biomass-Derived Levulinic Acid.
Article in ChemSusChem, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Synthesis of Levulinate Esters Using MgAl-Mixed Oxides Containing Transition Metals as Catalysts.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Sustainable Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Medium- and Long-Chain Alkyl Levulinates from Biomass-Derived Levulinic Acid.ChemSusChem · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Alkyl levulinates (ALs) represent a family of bio-compounds derived from levulinic acid (LA), a platform chemical obtained from lignocellulosic biomass. Medium- and long-chain ALs (pentyl levulinate or longer) have shown potential as biofuel and fuel additives due to their relatively low oxygen content and resemblance to biodiesel. This study reports a fast and environmentally friendly method for synthesizing ALs via microwave (MW)-assisted LA esterification, laying emphasis on medium- and long-chain ALs. By combining p-toluenesulfonic acid (5 wt % loading) as catalyst and MW radiation as heating source for a short time (5 minutes), excellent yields of ALs (≥89 mol %) were achieved for a wide range of primary and secondary alcohols (2-10 carbons), overcoming the expected lower reactivity of long chain alcohols. Additionally, formation of undesired side products, such as dialkyl ethers or LA aldol condensation products, was significantly minimized. The feasibility of recovering the unreacted alcohol was successfully proved by simple distillation (88 wt % recovery). The green chemistry metrics assessment proved that this approach aligns with the green chemistry principles and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, offering a more sustainable pathway for biofuel and fuel additive production.
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