Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40007145›Full record

Observational studyAnnals of clinical and translational neurology2025

Longitudinal Trajectories of Digital Cognitive Biomarkers for Multiple Sclerosis.

Yi Chao Foong, Daniel Merlo, Melissa Gresle, Chao Zhu, Katherine Buzzard, Jeannette Lechner-Scott, Michael Barnett, Chenyu Wang, Bruce V Taylor, Tomas Kalincik and 8 more

Abstract readMulticenter StudyObservational Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in Annals of clinical and translational neurology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
6citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

6 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Review
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

18 authors.

Yi Chao FoongDepartment of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.ORCID 0000-0001-6447-078X
Daniel MerloDepartment of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.ORCID 0000-0001-8766-3453
Melissa GresleDepartment of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.ORCID 0000-0003-0738-1136
Chao ZhuDepartment of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.ORCID 0000-0003-3951-7501
Katherine BuzzardEastern Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.ORCID 0000-0003-4039-9303
Jeannette Lechner-ScottThe University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-3850-447X
Michael BarnettBrain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-2156-8864
Chenyu WangBrain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.ORCID 0000-0001-7135-7662
Bruce V TaylorMS Flagship, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.ORCID 0000-0003-2807-0070
Tomas KalincikCORe, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.ORCID 0000-0003-3778-1376
Trevor KilpatrickNeuroimmunology Centre, Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.ORCID 0000-0003-3999-085X
David DarbyDepartment of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-7660-8800
Pamela DobayBiogen International GmbH, Zug, Switzerland.
Johan van BeekBiogen International GmbH, Zug, Switzerland.ORCID 0000-0002-5641-0004
Robert HydePreviously Affiliated With Biogen International GmbH, Zug, Switzerland.
Steve Simpson-YapMS Flagship, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.ORCID 0000-0001-6521-3056
Helmut ButzkuevenDepartment of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.ORCID 0000-0003-3940-8727
Anneke van der WaltDepartment of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-4278-7003

Funding

Australia and New Zealand Association of Neurologists (ANZAN)AVANT FoundationBiogenMS AustraliaNational Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundCognitive impairment is one of the most common and debilitating symptoms of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Digital cognitive biomarkers require less time and resources and are rapidly gaining popularity in clinical settings. We examined the longitudinal trajectory of the iPad-based Processing Speed Test (PST) and predictors of PST scores.

methodsWe prospectively enrolled RRMS patients between 2017 and 2021 across six Australian MS centres. Longitudinal data was analysed with mixed effect modelling and latent class mixed models. We then examined whether latent class group membership predicted confirmed decrease in correct PST responses.

resultsWe recruited a total of 1093 participants, of which 724 had complete baseline data with a median follow up duration of 2 years. At a population level, PST trajectory was stable. A small practice effect was present up to the 4th visit. Age, baseline disability, T2 lesion volume, male sex and depression were associated with lower correct PST responses, whilst years of education and full/part-time employment were associated with more correct PST responses. We identified four latent class trajectories of PST. The worst latent class was typified by low baseline PST and lack of a practice effect. Being in the worst latent class was associated with a greater hazard of time to sustained 5% decrease in PST (HR 2.84, 95% CI 1.16-6.94, p = 0.02).

conclusionWorse baseline cognitive performance and lack of a practice effect predicted future cognitive decline in RRMS.

Indexed as

Cognitive DysfunctionMultiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-RemittingAdultAustraliaBiomarkersFemaleHumansLongitudinal StudiesMaleMiddle AgedNeuropsychological TestsProspective StudiesBiomarkerscognitiondigital biomarkerslatent classmultiple sclerosisprocessing speed test

Identifiers

PMID40007145
PMCPMC12040512

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.