ReviewPharmaceutics2025
Hydrogels and Nanogels: Pioneering the Future of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems.
Review in Pharmaceutics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 72 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
72 citing papers in PubMed.
- The expanding role of biocompatible hydrogels in plant-derived exosome-like nanovesicles for skin diseases: prospects and challenges.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- Hydrogels in the Management of Peripheral Venous Disease: Bridging Material Design and Clinical Evidence.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Polyphosphate-crosslinked hydrogels: structural design and bioactivity for tissue engineering scaffolds.RSC advances · 2026Article
- A Locally Injectable, pH/ROS-Responsive Hydrogel Platform for Combination Therapy of Cervical Cancer with Anti-Fibrotic and Chemotherapeutic Agents.Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- A comprehensive review of thermal ablation technologies for transdermal drug delivery: mechanisms, commercial products, and future smart systems.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Review
- Camptothecin Nanoformulations: Recent Advances in Preparation, Bioactivities, and Clinical Perspectives.Annals of biomedical engineering · 2026Review
- Bridging the Lab-to-Clinic Gap in Intranasal Nanomaterial-Based Chemotherapy for Glioblastoma.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Glucose-Responsive Nanomedicine in Diabetes Therapy: Emerging Advances and Clinical Prospects.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2026Review
- Targeting oxidative stress, senescence, and neurodegeneration: anti-aging perspectives of Urtica dioica and Centella asiatica.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Review
- Article
- Stimuli-Responsive Polypyrrole Hydrogel Integrated into a Mg Battery for Controlled Drug Release.ACS omega · 2026Article
- Stimuli-responsive nanogels as intelligent nanocarriers for tumor microenvironment-triggered anticancer drug delivery.Discover nano · 2026Review
- Smart responsive hydrogels combined with AI design for tumor therapy.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- Barrier-Oriented Design of Next-Generation Polymeric Nanocarriers for Targeted Drug Delivery.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- The critical role of hydrogels as an advanced polymeric scaffold in biomedicine: recent progress and challenges.RSC advances · 2026Review
- Vat Photopolymerization-Fabricated Theranostic Hydrogels for Smart Wound Management.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Advances in GLP-1 receptor agonists delivery systems for obesity and diabetes.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- Nanotechnology in Dermatology: A Comprehensive Narrative Review of Performance, Safety, and Clinical Translation.Health science reports · 2026Article
- pH/glucose dual-responsive drug release hydrogel loaded with tannic acid and gallium ions enhances diabetic wound healing upon bacterial infection.Journal of biological engineering · 2026Article
- Ultrasmall Nanogels from Intramolecular Cross-Linking of (Hyper)Branched Cyclic Polyglycerols with Diboronic Acids.Macromolecules · 2026Article
12 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Conventional drug delivery approaches, including tablets and capsules, often suffer from reduced therapeutic effectiveness, largely attributed to inadequate bioavailability and difficulties in ensuring patient adherence. These challenges have driven the development of advanced drug delivery systems (DDS), with hydrogels and especially nanogels emerging as promising materials to overcome these limitations. Hydrogels, with their biocompatibility, high water content, and stimuli-responsive properties, provide controlled and targeted drug release. This review explores the evolution, properties, and classifications of hydrogels versus nanogels and their applications in drug delivery, detailing synthesis methods, including chemical crosslinking, physical self-assembly, and advanced techniques such as microfluidics and 3D printing. It also examines drug-loading mechanisms (e.g., physical encapsulation and electrostatic interactions) and release strategies (e.g., diffusion, stimuli-responsive, and enzyme-triggered). These gels demonstrate significant advantages in addressing the limitations of traditional DDS, offering improved drug stability, sustained release, and high specificity. Their adaptability extends to various routes of administration, including topical, oral, and injectable forms, while emerging nanogels further enhance therapeutic targeting through nanoscale precision and stimuli responsiveness. Although hydrogels and nanogels have transformative potential in personalized medicine, challenges remain in scalable manufacturing, regulatory approval, and targeted delivery. Future strategies include integrating biosensors for real-time monitoring, developing dual-stimuli-responsive systems, and optimizing surface functionalization for specificity. These advancements aim to establish hydrogels and nanogels as cornerstones of next-generation therapeutic solutions, revolutionizing drug delivery, and paving the way for innovative, patient-centered treatments.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.