ArticleSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2025
A Novel Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) System for Water Content Estimation in Soils: Development and Application.
Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Development of a 3D-Printed Capacitive Sensor for Soil Water Content Estimation Using Nickel-Based Conductive Paint.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Transcriptome Analysis of Drought Resistance in Japanese Lawn Grass (Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- Recent Technological Upgrades to the SHYPROM IoT-Based System for Monitoring Soil Water Status.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
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Abstract
Nowadays, there is a particular need to estimate soil water content accurately over space and time scales in various applications. For example, precision agriculture, as well as the fields of geology, ecology, and hydrology, necessitate rapid, onsite water content measurements. The time domain reflectometry (TDR) technique is a geophysical method that allows, in a time-varying electric field, the determination of dielectric permittivity and electrical conductivity for a wide class of porous materials. Measuring the volumetric water content in soils is the most frequent application of TDR in soil science and soil hydrology. TDR has grown in popularity over the last 40 years because it is a practical and non-destructive technique that provides laboratory and field-scale measurements. However, a significant limitation of this technique is the relatively high cost of TDR devices, despite the availability of a range of commercial systems with varying prices. This paper aimed to design and implement a low-cost, compact TDR device tailored for classical hydrological applications. A series of laboratory experiments were carried out on soils of different textures to calibrate and validate the proposed measuring system. The results show that the device can be used to obtain predictions for monitoring soil water status with acceptable accuracy (
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