ArticleVeterinary sciences2025
Differential Expression of Key Immune Markers in the Intestinal Tract of Developing Chick Embryos.
Article in Veterinary sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Research on the immunological development of lymphoid organs in chicks has been extensive, yet a significant gap exists in our understanding of innate immunity during embryonic life within the intestinal tract. This study investigated the developmental trajectory of intestinal immunity in chick embryos by evaluating basal gene expression levels of key immune markers at embryonic days (ED) 14, 17, and 20. The results indicated variable expression levels of cytokines, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), and Toll-like receptor (TLRs) genes throughout the intestinal tract. Most cytokines and chemokines exhibited elevated expression in the cecum, while AMPs, including avian-β-defensins (AvBDs) and cathelicidins (CATHs) genes, showed increased levels in the jejunum at ED20. The findings from the developmental trajectory analysis of these genes revealed elevated expression levels of cytokines, including interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-13, and transforming-growth factor (TGF)-β in the cecum at ED20. However, no consistent patterns were observed for AvBDs, CATHs, and TLRs, as their expression varied across different developmental stages of the chick embryo. These findings significantly contribute to our understanding of intestinal immune system development in chick embryos and provide a foundation for further research aimed at enhancing immune capabilities, especially in segments with lower expression levels of immunomodulatory genes.
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