ArticleMicroorganisms2025
Emerging Bluetongue Virus Serotype 4 in the Balearic Islands, Spain (2021): Outbreak Investigations and Experimental Infection in Sheep.
Article in Microorganisms, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Bluetongue virus: current perspectives on characterisation and the need to formalise nomenclature in an era of rapidly evolving technology.The Journal of general virology · 2026Review
- Exceptional Bluetongue Epidemic Caused by Co-Circulation of Several Serotypes in Spain in 2024.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Bluetongue in the Mediterranean Basin: An Overview of Recent Hotspots and Advances in Vaccine Technologies.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Seroprevalence and risk factors of epizootic hemorrhagic disease and bluetongue in Northwestern Tunisia: a comprehensive seroepidemiological study.BMC veterinary research · 2026Article
- No Evidence of Direct Transmission of Emerging Bluetongue Virus Strains Between Israel and Europe Based on Genomic Analyses (2013-2023).Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Bluetongue in ruminants: Global epidemiology, pathogenesis, and advances in diagnostic and control strategies within a One Health framework.Veterinary world · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Bluetongue is an infectious, non-contagious, arthropod-borne viral disease of ruminants caused by bluetongue virus (BTV), producing severe impacts on livestock. Historically, Southern Europe has suffered multiple incursions of different BTV serotypes with serious consequences. In 2021, BTV re-emerged in the Balearic Islands (Spain) after 16 years free of the disease, causing a large outbreak that mainly affected sheep, as well as cattle and goats. A novel emerging strain of BTV serotype 4 (BTV-4) was identified via preliminary molecular characterization as the etiological culprit of the epizootic. This study delineates the outbreak in the Balearic Islands in 2021, encompassing field-based clinical observations and laboratory findings. Additionally, an experimental infection was conducted in sheep using the novel BTV-4 strain to assess its virulence, pathogenicity, and laboratory diagnostic characteristics. The in vivo characterization was conducted concurrently with the virulent and widely disseminated BTV-4 RNM 2020 strain that has precipitated significant outbreaks in the Mediterranean region in recent years. Both strains exhibited analogous pathogenic potential in sheep and yielded equivalent outcomes in diagnostic parameters. Furthermore, the impact of the novel BTV-4 strain is discussed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.