The Effect of Heat Stress on Wheat Flag Leaves Revealed by Metabolome and Transcriptome Analyses During the Reproductive Stage.

In this study, we were dedicated to investigating the effect caused by heat stress on wheat flag leaves. Metabolome and transcriptome analysis were introduced to identify some key biological processes. As a result, 182 and 214 metabolites were significantly changed at the anthesis and post-anthesis stages, respectively; most of them were lipids, amino acids and derivatives, phenolic acids, and alkaloids. Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis was the most significantly enriched pathway by metabolites at both two stages, each of which included 13 types of amino acid, and 12 of them were shared and up-regulated. Therefore, we further measured 22 kinds of amino acid content in ten different wheat genotypes at the post-anthesis stage. Based on the average content of each amino acid, 17 kinds of them were significantly increased after heat stress, and 4 types were significantly decreased. Both the metabolism analysis and the transcriptome analysis had a higher number of significantly changed metabolites or differential expressed genes at the post-anthesis stage, which indicated that the post-anthesis stage is more sensitive to heat stress, with 21,361 and 17,130 differential expressed genes, respectively. Two pathways, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum and ABC transporters, were significantly enriched at two stages. The differential expressed genes in processing in endoplasmic reticulum pathway mainly encoded various types of molecular chaperones; among them, the HSP20 family was the most predominant and intensively up-regulated. The ABC transporter gene family is another pathway that is deeply involved in heat-stress response, which could be classified into five subfamilies; among them, subfamilies B and G were the most active. In summary, this study revealed the heat response pattern of amino acids, HSPs, and ABC transporter which may play a vital role during the wheat reproductive stage.