ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2025
Retinal Protective Effect of Mono-Ethyl Fumarate in Experimental Age-Related Macular Degeneration via Anti-Oxidative and Anti-Apoptotic Alterations.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Psalmotoxin-1, a novel TRPM2 channel antagonist, reduces age-related macular degeneration-caused mitochondrial oxidative damage and apoptosis in human retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19) cells.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026Article
- Irigenin Modulates BL-Induced Pyroptosis in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells Through p38 MAPK and NFκB Pathways.Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology · 2026Article
- Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (GPR109A) and retinopathies: pathways and prospects.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of vision impairment in people over the age of 60. Currently, the FDA-approved drugs for AMD have various side effects, and there is a notable lack of drug development for dry AMD. This study aimed to explore the therapeutic effects of mono-ethyl fumarate (MEF) on AMD. MEF effectively protected ARPE-19 cells from cell death induced by a combination of A2E and blue light exposure. In a C57BL/6J mouse model of retinal degeneration caused by sodium iodate, MEF played a role in preserving retinal thickness and maintaining the layered structure of the retina. It was assessed via fundus imaging, optical coherence tomography, and hematoxylin and eosin staining. Treatment with MEF significantly increased the expression of antioxidant proteins such as HO-1, NQO1, and SOD1 in ARPE-19 cells. Additionally, treatment with MEF significantly increased the levels of the antioxidant proteins SOD1 and GPX4 in the mouse retina. Concurrently, it significantly reduced the levels of apoptosis-related factors, such as the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and Caspase -3 cleavage. These findings suggest that MEF may represent a promising therapeutic candidate for the management of AMD.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.