ReviewChildren (Basel, Switzerland)2025
Hypo- and Hypernatremia in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants in the First 10 Days of Life: A Review.
Review in Children (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Sodium Values During the First 10 Postnatal Days in Extremely-Low-Birth-Weight Infants and Long-Term Neurocognitive Outcomes: A Systematic Review.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Hyponatremia in the neonatal intensive care unit: incidence, risk factors and effect on mortality.BMC pediatrics · 2026Article
- Sodium and Water Homeostasis in Children: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Sodium Patterns and Their Variables in a Cohort of ELBW Infants in the First 10 Days of Life.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND/
objectivesSodium regulation is critical in extremely low birth weight (ELBW, <1000 g) infants. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of sodium dynamics and related variables in ELBW infants in their first 10 days of life through a structured literature review.
methodsApplying PRISMA guidelines, six databases were searched (1 August 2023) on sodium measurements in ELBW cohorts, with quality assessment (RoB2, ROBINS-1, Newcastle Ottawa scale) of retained papers, and subsequent data extraction in line with these PRISMA guidelines to describe findings.
resultsOnly eight heterogeneous studies could be retained, including observational cohort studies (n = 5), case-control studies (n = 2, Tegaderm application yes/no, gestational age < 24 or 24-28 weeks), and only one randomized trial (sodium restriction versus no sodium restriction). Definitions of hyper- or hyponatremia were also heterogeneous, with incidence ranges for hyper- (8-92.2%) and hyponatremia (0-52.9%). Peak sodium values were observed on days 2-4 in the individual studies. When pooled and compared to the cohort mean sodium values, the highest increases in mean serum sodium values were observed on day 3 (+4, range, -0.6 to +8.6 mEq). Variables of sodium values were related to care factors [incubator settings (open/closed, double-/not double-walled, humidity), fluid regimens (water volume, sodium supplementation), occlusive skin care], as well as related maturational factors (postnatal age, gestational age, small versus appropriate for gestational age, SGA/AGA).
conclusionsBased on a structured literature review, patterns of sodium changes over postnatal age in ELBW cases were documented. Besides incubator settings, fluid regimens, or occlusive skin care, these patterns also depend on maturational factors of the ELBW infant (gestational age, postnatal age, SGA/AGA). These complexities emphasize the need for nuanced interpretation, the relevance of standardizing clinical practices and research definitions, and the need to report on additional datasets.
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