ReviewBiomedicines2025
The Role of Cytokines in Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorders: A Review in the Context of Anesthetic Care.
Review in Biomedicines, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Efficacy and safety of ketamine in total hip arthroplasty: a systematic review.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2026Pooled it
- Regulatory T cells in perioperative neurocognitive disorders: a systematic review with structured narrative synthesis from molecular mechanisms to clinical translation.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2026Pooled it
- Prophylactic administration of parecoxib sodium for postoperative delirium in hip surgery of the elderly: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira (1992) · 2025Trial
- Long-Term Cognitive and Functional Outcomes of Anesthesia and Surgery in Patients with Dementia.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Inflammatory Biomarkers and Delirium Severity in Critically Ill Adults: A Prospective Single-Center Cohort Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Immuno-Inflammatory Mechanisms in the Chronification of Pain.Pain and therapy · 2026Review
- Application of an intercellular adhesion molecule-1-targeted nanoparticles loaded with irisin in postoperative neurocognitive disorder through metabolic axis activation and barrier restoration.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- Impact of dexmedetomidine preconditioning on analgesic and postoperative recovery in elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.World journal of gastrointestinal surgery · 2026Article
- Glymphatic-meningeal lymphatic system imbalance: a peripheral-to-central inflammatory bridge in perioperative neurocognitive disorders.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Association of preoperative prognostic nutritional index with postoperative delirium after gastric cancer surgery.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Surgical Stress Response: A Physiological Review of the Endocrine, Immune, and Metabolic Changes.Cureus · 2025Review
- Neurofilament-Light Chain and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein as Blood-Based Delirium Risk Markers: A Multicohort Study.Aging and disease · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PNDs), including postoperative delirium, delayed neurocognitive recovery, and long-term postoperative neurocognitive disorders, present significant challenges for older patients undergoing surgery. Inflammation is a protective mechanism triggered in response to external pathogens or cellular damage. Historically, the central nervous system (CNS) was considered immunoprivileged due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which serves as a physical barrier preventing systemic inflammatory changes from influencing the CNS. However, aseptic surgical trauma is now recognized to induce localized inflammation at the surgical site, further exacerbated by the release of peripheral pro-inflammatory cytokines, which can compromise BBB integrity. This breakdown of the BBB facilitates the activation of microglia, initiating a cascade of neuroinflammatory responses that may contribute to the onset of PNDs. This review explores the mechanisms underlying neuroinflammation, with a particular focus on the pivotal role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of PNDs.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.