ArticleAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)2025
National-Level Consumption of Antimicrobials in the Veterinary Sector in Uganda: A Report on Analysis of Import Data for 2021.
Article in Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Multidrug Resistance in Bacterial Isolates from Clinical Samples Submitted to a National Veterinary Diagnostic Facility in Uganda (2014-2020): A Retrospective Analysis.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Advancing Nigerian Indigenous Poultry Health and Production, Use of Probiotics as Viable Alternatives to Antibiotics: A Review.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Low occurrence and clonal relatedness of multi-drug resistantFrontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
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15 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundAntimicrobials are crucial for animal health and food security. However, their overuse in animals can lead to the emergence of resistant microorganisms. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a global public health threat that impacts both animal and human health. The objective of this study was to estimate the antimicrobial consumption (AMC) of veterinary antimicrobials at the national level using import data from January to December 2021, available from the Uganda National Drug Authority (NDA).
methodsThe World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) methodology was applied using the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification codes for veterinary medicines.
resultsApproximately 88,387.37 kg (88.39 tonnes) of veterinary antimicrobials were consumed in 2021. Parenteral veterinary antimicrobials accounted for 63.8% (56,375.65 kg) and oral veterinary antibacterials accounted for 36.2% (32,011.71 kg). Tetracyclines were the single most consumed veterinary antimicrobial class, accounting for 62.7% of total consumption. Oxytetracycline was the most consumed antibacterial (58.4%), followed by sulphadiazine + trimethoprim (11.1%), penicillin g/dihydrostreptomycin (7.4%), penicillin G procaine + dihydrostreptomycin (6.8%), and tetracycline (3.5%), respectively. Out of all imported veterinary antimicrobials, 76% belonged to the World Health Organization (WHO)'s Highly Important Antimicrobials (HIA) category, 16% to the Critically Important (CIA), and 9% to the Highest Priority Critically Important (HPCIA) categories. Imported colistin accounted for 0.1% of total veterinary consumption.
conclusionsThis study contributes to understanding antimicrobial consumption in Uganda's livestock sector and, for the NDA, leaves in place a system for routine surveillance at a national level. We recommend strict regulatory oversight on the importation and use of colistin and macrolides to address AMR.
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