ArticleBMC oral health2025
Histopathological changes of the buccal mucosa and skin after botulinum neurotoxin intramuscular injection in rats (immunohistochemical study).
Article in BMC oral health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundA surplus of clinical studies focused mainly on the clinical impacts of botulinum neurotoxin type A disregarding the histopathological changes stemming from its injection. This study was designed to inspect the potential effects of botulinum neurotoxin type A injection on the skin and buccal mucosa in both the injected and non-injected sides after one week and one month as no available studies have addressed its histopathological effects.
methodsTwelve rats were injected with a single injection of 2.5 U of botulinum neurotoxin type A intramuscularly near the angle of the mouth on the right side. After one week, six injected rats were euthanized, and tissue samples were obtained from both the injection (n = 6) and the non-injection (n = 6) sides. After 4 weeks, six injected rats were euthanized, and tissue samples were obtained from both the injection (n = 6) and the non-injection (n = 6) sides. Six rats served as non-injected controls (n = 6). Samples were prepared for histological and immunohistochemical examination with caspase-3.
resultsCaspase-3 expression showed a highly significant increase (P = 0.005) in staining intensity in specimens of one week as compared to one month groups. At the non-injected side, the overall caspase-3 immunostaining score showed a significant elevation (P = 0.03) after one-month of botulinum neurotoxin type A injection.
conclusionBotulinum neurotoxin type A injection was associated with degenerative changes in the buccal mucosa and skin, nevertheless these changes declined after one month in the injected side. More degenerative changes were depicted in the non-injected side and increased after one month. Therefore, botulinum neurotoxin type A injection may affect not only the patient's needs and expectations but also their health.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.