Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40000716›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2025

A network analysis of the heterogeneity and associated risk and protective factors of depression and anxiety among college students.

Chunjuan Niu, Yaye Jiang, Yihui Li, Xudong Wang, Huiyuan Zhao, Zhengshu Cheng, Xiaoran Li, Xu Zhang, Zhiwei Liu, Xiaoyu Yu and 1 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Chunjuan Niu *School of Psychology and Mental Health, Hebei Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Brain Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China.
Yaye Jiang *School of Psychology and Mental Health, Hebei Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Brain Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China.
Yihui LiSchool of Psychology and Mental Health, Hebei Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Brain Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China.
Xudong WangSchool of Psychology and Mental Health, Hebei Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Brain Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China.
Huiyuan ZhaoSchool of Psychology and Mental Health, Hebei Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Brain Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China.
Zhengshu ChengSchool of Psychology and Mental Health, Hebei Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Brain Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China.
Xiaoran LiSchool of Psychology and Mental Health, Hebei Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Brain Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China.
Xu ZhangSchool of Psychology and Mental Health, Hebei Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Brain Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China.
Zhiwei LiuSchool of Psychology and Mental Health, Hebei Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Brain Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China.
Xiaoyu YuSchool of Psychology and Mental Health, Hebei Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Brain Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China.
Yan PengSchool of Psychology and Mental Health, Hebei Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Brain Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China. pengy@ncst.edu.cn.

Funding

Humanities and Social Science Research Project of Hebei Education Department SQ2023251
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundComorbidity of depression and anxiety is common among adolescents and can lead to adverse outcomes. However, there is limited understanding of the latent characteristics and mechanisms governing these disorders and their interactions. Moreover, few studies have examined the impacts of relevant risk and protective factors.

methodsThis cross-sectional study involved 1,719 students. Mplus 8.0 software was used to conduct latent profile analysis to explore the potential categories of depression and anxiety comorbidities. R4.3.2 software was used to explore the network of core depression and anxiety symptoms, bridge these disorders, and evaluate the effects of risk and protective factors.

resultsThree categories were established: "healthy" (57.8%), "mild depression-mild anxiety" (36.6%), and "moderately severe depression-moderate anxiety" (5.6%). "Depressed mood", "nervousness", and "difficulty relaxing" were core symptoms in both the depression-anxiety comorbidity network and the network of risk and protective factors. Stress perception and neuroticism serve as bridging nodes connecting some symptoms of depression and anxiety and are thus considered the most prominent risk factors.

conclusionsAccording to the core and bridging symptoms identified in this study, targeted intervention and treatment can be provided to groups with comorbid depression and anxiety, thereby reducing the risk of these comorbidities in adolescents.

Indexed as

AnxietyDepressionStudentsAdolescentComorbidityCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansMaleProtective FactorsRisk FactorsUniversitiesYoung AdultAnxietyDepressionLatent profile analysisNetwork analysis

Identifiers

PMID40000716
PMCPMC11861700

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.