Fetal adnexa-derived allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells for cardiac regeneration: the future trend of cell-based therapy for age-related adverse conditions.

Heart failure is known as the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in adults, not only in USA but worldwide. Since the world's population is aging, the burden of cardiovascular disorders is increasing. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) from a patient's bone marrow or other tissues have been widely used as the primary source of stem cells for cellular cardiomyoplasty. The incongruencies that exist between various cell-therapy approaches for cardiac diseases could be attributed to variations in cell processing methods, quality of the process, and cell donors. Off-the-shelf preparations of MSCs, enabled by batch processing of the cells and controlled cell processing factories in regulated facilities, may offer opportunities to overcome these problems. In this study, for the first time, we focused on the fetal membranes and childbirth byproducts as a promising source of cells for regenerative medicine. While many studies have described the advantages of cells derived from these organs, their advantage as a source of younger cells has not been sufficiently covered by the literature. Thus, herein, we highlight challenges that may arise from the impairment of the regenerative capacity of MSCs due to donor age and how allograft cells from fetal adnexa can be a promising substitute for the aged patients' stem cells for myocardial regeneration. Moreover, obstacles to the use of off-the-shelf cell-therapy preparations in regenerative medicine are briefly summarized here.