Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39998688›Full record

ArticleClinical oral investigations2025

Discriminating bacterial types in oral and maxillofacial space infections (OMSIs) via smelling diagnosis.

Rui Ren, Xue Jiang, Shanluo Zhou, Haiqiang Li, Qiang Niu, Danyao Qu, Ruizhi Ning, Zerou Zhang, Liang Kong, Weiwei Wu and 1 more

Abstract read
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Article in Clinical oral investigations, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

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PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Rui Ren *State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
Xue Jiang *School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Olfaction of Shaanxi Higher Education Institutes, Xidian University, Shaanxi, 710126, China.
Shanluo Zhou *State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
Haiqiang LiState Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
Qiang NiuState Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
Danyao QuSchool of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Olfaction of Shaanxi Higher Education Institutes, Xidian University, Shaanxi, 710126, China.
Ruizhi NingSchool of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Olfaction of Shaanxi Higher Education Institutes, Xidian University, Shaanxi, 710126, China.
Zerou ZhangState Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
Liang KongState Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
Weiwei WuSchool of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Olfaction of Shaanxi Higher Education Institutes, Xidian University, Shaanxi, 710126, China. wwwu@xidian.edu.cn.
Yunpeng LiState Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China. leonidban@hotmail.com.

Funding

Air Force Medical University 2022-FHJSYXRC13Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi 2024SF-ZDCYL-02-09Key Research and Development Projects of Shaanxi Province 2022ZDLSF01-04Yunnan Precious Metals Laboratory YPML-2023050245
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesTo explore the feasibility of using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in the diagnosis of bacterial types of oral and maxillofacial space infections (OMSIs).

methodsStaphylococcus aureus was cultured to produce a full spectrum of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These VOCs were collected and identified using VOC collectors and GC-MS. A bacteria Probability-based VOC Algorithm (BPVA) was developed to assess the likelihood of infection in vivo utilizing a rat model. VOCs from 19 clinical OMSIs abscess samples were analyzed to calculate the probability of SA infection, with results validated against traditional culture results.

resultsUsing fold change (FC), p-values (P), and variable importance in projection (VIP) values, we identified 318 characteristic target compounds associated with Staphylococcus aureus. After fitting these compounds to the rat infection model, 189 compounds were selected, establishing a BPVA threshold of ≥ 50, with a 95% probability of consistency. Four patients exhibited an SA infection probability exceeding 70%, whereas the other patients fell below this threshold. Clinical results confirmed SA infections in these four patients, with detection times reduced to approximately 24 h, significantly shorter than the typical 3-5 days.

conclusionsThe combination of GC‒MS and BPVA significantly accelerated the diagnosis of bacterial types in OMSIs, demonstrating strong agreement with traditional culture results, highlighting a new method to accurately and rapidly diagnose maxillofacial infections. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Rapid identification of bacterial types is essential for treating OMSIs. However, current bacterial culture methods face challenges, such as limited accuracy and time-consuming processes.

Indexed as

Gas Chromatography-Mass SpectrometryStaphylococcal InfectionsStaphylococcus aureusVolatile Organic CompoundsAdultAlgorithmsAnimalsDisease Models, AnimalFeasibility StudiesFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedRatsVolatile Organic CompoundsChemical markersGas chromatography‒mass spectrometryOral and maxillofacial space infections (OMSIs)Staphylococcus aureusVolatolomics

Identifiers

PMID39998688

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.