ReviewToxins2025
The Role of Botulinum Toxin for Masseter Muscle Hypertrophy: A Comprehensive Review.
Review in Toxins, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Masseter Muscle Morphometric Changes After Botulinum Toxin Type A Injection: A Prospective 3-Month Study.Toxins · 2026Observational
- Review
- Observational
- Factors Associated With Paradoxical Masseteric Bulging After Botulinum Toxin Injection for Masseter Hypertrophy: A Retrospective Analysis.Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2026Article
- The Deep Head of the Masseter Muscle: A Classification-Based Anatomical and Surgical Framework.Biomedicines · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Masticatory muscle hypertrophy (MMH) is a rare clinical phenomenon of uncertain etiology, characterized by a soft swelling near the angle of the jaw. This abnormal enlargement of the masseter muscle can alter the facial profile, leading to aesthetic concerns. Moreover, MMH may also have significant functional repercussions, including pain in the masseter region, often associated with temporomandibular disorders, fatigue, and discomfort during mastication. Non-conservative approaches offer an effective and minimally invasive solution by inducing localized muscle relaxation and reducing hypertrophy. Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) represents a therapeutic option for managing MMH, considering that injections can effectively reduce the masseter muscle volume, improving both facial aesthetics and related symptoms. Currently, the standard non-surgical management of MMH is BoNT/A injections, although consensus on the average dosage has not been definitely reached; on the other hand, there are data available in the literature about the injection technique of BoNT/A for lower face contouring. Therefore, the present comprehensive review aimed at exploring in detail the role of BoNT/A in the treatment of masseter muscle hypertrophy, describing its mechanism of action, the administration protocols, the clinical effects, and any side effects.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.