ArticleBiosensors2025
Differential Measurement of Involuntary Breathing Movements.
Article in Biosensors, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Free divers are known to experience a physiological response during extreme breath holding, causing involuntary breathing movements (IBMs). To investigate these movements, a low-cost multi-core ESP32-Pico microcontroller prototype was developed to measure IBMs during a static breath hold. This novel device, called the bioSense, uses a differential measurement between two accelerometers placed on the sternum and the xiphoid process to acquire breathing-related movements. Sensor placement allowed for data acquisition that was posture- and body-shape-agnostic. Sensor placement was also designed to be as non-intrusive as possible and precisely capture breathing movements at configurable sampling rates. Measurements from the device were sent over WiFi to be accessed on a password-protected webserver and backed up to a micro-secure digital (microSD) card. This device was used in a pilot study, where it captured the various phases of breathing experienced by recreational free divers alongside a force plate measurement system for comparison.
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