Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39996415›Full record

ArticleBirth defects research2025

Educational Attainment and Employment Status of Adults Living With Congenital Heart Disease in the United States, CH STRONG 2016-2019.

Karrie F Downing, Anthony Goudie, Wendy N Nembhard, Jennifer G Andrews, R Thomas Collins, Matthew E Oster, Argelia Benavides, Mir M Ali, Sherry L Farr

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In one paragraph

Article in Birth defects research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Karrie F DowningNational Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-3063-1781
Anthony GoudieBigwave Health Equity Research, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
Wendy N NembhardDepartment of Epidemiology, Fay W Boozman College of Public Health and the Arkansas Center for Birth Defects Research and Prevention, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-8318-4049
Jennifer G AndrewsDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
R Thomas CollinsDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-3387-6629
Matthew E OsterNational Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Argelia BenavidesDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
Mir M AliInstitute for Digital Health and Innovation, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
Sherry L FarrNational Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

Funding

Intramural CDC HHS CC999999
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundOur objective was to characterize the education and employment history of young adults with congenital heart defects (CHD) living in the United States.

methodsThe 2016-2019 Congenital Heart Survey To Recognize Outcomes, Needs, and well-beinG collected data from young adults (ages 19-38) with CHD identified from active birth defect in Arkansas, Arizona, and Atlanta, Georgia. Educational attainment, employment history, and special education between kindergarten and 12th grade were self-/proxy-reported. Respondent percentages were standardized to the eligible population by CHD severity, birth year, site, sex, and maternal race/ethnicity and compared by CHD severity using p values from Z-scores. Log-binomial prevalence ratios (aPRs) assessed associations between respondent characteristics and outcomes, adjusting for CHD severity, age group, sex, race/ethnicity, and site. Employment models also adjusted for education. Point estimates were compared to the 2018 American Community Survey (ACS) 5-year general population estimates.

resultsAmong 1438 respondents, 28.3% attained ≥ bachelor's degree and 22.1% were unemployed for ≥ 12 months. Estimates were comparable by CHD severity (aPRs ~1.0) and similar to general population estimates (in ACS, 21% attained ≥ bachelor's degree and 26% were unemployed). About 25.3% of adults with CHD received special education, more commonly adults with severe (32.9%) than nonsevere CHD (23.5%, p = 0.01).

conclusionsAmong young adults with CHD, educational attainment and employment did not substantially differ by CHD severity or from general population rates. One in four used special education between kindergarten and 12th grade. Clinical guidelines recommend ongoing educational and vocational support to individuals with CHD as needed so this population continues to thrive.

Indexed as

Educational StatusEmploymentHeart Defects, CongenitalAdultFemaleHumansMaleSurveys and QuestionnairesUnited StatesYoung Adultadults with CHDcongenital heart defectseducational attainmentemploymentspecial educationsurveys and questionnairesyoung adult

Identifiers

PMID39996415
PMCPMC12042078

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.