Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39996410›Full record

ArticleAnnals of clinical and translational neurology2025

Capturing what matters: Patient-reported LGI1-ANTibody encephalitis outcome RatiNg scale (LANTERN).

Mark J Kelly, Barbara Wagner, Bryan Ceronie, Christine Strippel, Ann Yee Lin, Adam Handel, John Soltys, Sophie Binks, Philip A Powell, Sarosh R Irani

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In one paragraph

Article in Annals of clinical and translational neurology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
10citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

10 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Working Memory Deficits in Hippocampal Amnesia are Associated with Apathy.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2026
    Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Review
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Autoimmune encephalitis.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2025
    Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Mark J KellyOxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Barbara WagnerOxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Bryan CeronieOxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-7944-9924
Christine StrippelOxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Ann Yee LinOxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Adam HandelOxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
John SoltysOxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Sophie BinksOxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Philip A PowellSheffield Centre for Health and Related Research (SCHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
Sarosh R IraniOxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-7667-9748

Funding

Association of British NeurologistsBritish Medical Association Margaret Temple (2017)British Medical Association Vera Down Grant (2013)Epilepsy Ireland HRCI-HRB-2022-035Epilepsy Research UK P1201Fulbright Association MS-Society research awardGuarantors of BrainHealth Research Board (HRB)Medical Research Council MR/V007173/1Medical Research Council MR/X022013/1NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research CentreWellcome TrustWellcome Trust 102176/Z/13/ZWellcome Trust 104079/Z/14/ZWellcome Trust 227699/Z/23/Z
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundLGI1-antibody encephalitis (LGI1-Ab-E) is a common form of autoimmune encephalitis where most patients demonstrate 'good' clinician-rated outcomes. However, more targeted questionnaires reveal numerous debilitating symptoms for many years. To better quantify these persistent features, we designed the LGI1-Antibody Encephalitis Rating (LANTERN) scale, a quantified, disease-specific patient-reported outcome measure (PROM), adhering to FDA guidelines.

methodsA participant-driven mixed-methods approach to develop a clinically valid questionnaire over three stages: (1) Item generation through semi-structured interviews; (2) Repeated cognitive debriefing rounds to advance comprehensibility, relevance and comprehensiveness; (3) Psychometric survey to condense the most sensitive and valid questions. Analyses incorporated sensitivity testing with multiple internal and external validations.

resultsFrom 73 items across six domains (Stage 1; n = 18), a questionnaire assessing the frequency and severity of 43 symptoms (80 questions), plus nine activities of daily living (ADL), was developed through cognitive debriefing (Stage 2; n = 15). This 89-question survey was completed (Stage 3; n = 66 patients and 32 relatives) and distilled, using exploratory factor analyses, to a three-factor symptom-burden questionnaire comprising 41 questions (19 symptoms and 6 ADL), separated into physical, cognitive/behavioural and ADL domains. These factors demonstrated strong internal reliability (Cronbach alpha: 0.85-0.91), correlations with relative-completed questionnaires (R = 0.73-0.85; p < 0.001), good-to-excellent intraclass re-testing correlations (0.81-0.98; n = 19) and strong associations with numerous predefined external measures. DISCUSSION: LANTERN represents a PROM for LGI1-Ab-E, with initial content, structural and construct validity and test-retest reliability. It can be used as a reliable, tailored, efficient and sensitive method to establish symptom burden in people with LGI1-Ab-E, both in clinical practice and trials.

Indexed as

AutoantibodiesEncephalitisPatient Reported Outcome MeasuresPsychometricsAdultAgedFemaleHumansIntracellular Signaling Peptides and ProteinsMaleMiddle AgedSeverity of Illness IndexSurveys and QuestionnairesYoung AdultAutoantibodiesIntracellular Signaling Peptides and ProteinsLGI1 protein, human

Identifiers

PMID39996410
PMCPMC12040509

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.