ArticleCureus2025
Development and Validation of Customized Silicone Shade Guide for Enhanced Aesthetic Integration in Maxillofacial Prostheses: A Cross-Sectional Study.
Article in Cureus, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionMaxillofacial prosthodontics focuses on restoring facial defects with prostheses, and achieving precise color matching is a significant challenge. Skin pigmentation varies significantly among the Indian population, ranging from light to dark tones, depending on melanin levels. Current shade guides lack the diversity to adequately address this variation. This study aimed to fabricate a silicone shade guide tailored for the Indian population and validate its reliability and clinical utility in color matching. MATERIALS AND
methodsThis study included 370 Indian participants aged 20-45 years who were selected voluntarily from different regions of India. Skin color was measured using a SkinColorCatch colorimeter (Delfin Technologies, Kuopio, Finland). A 24-shade guide was developed and categorized into light (L1-L8), medium (M1-M8), and dark (D1-D8) tones, using Tech-Sil® S25 silicone (Technovent, South Wales, UK) and intrinsic pigments. Shade tabs with a thickness of 4 mm were used to mimic maxillofacial prostheses. The reliability and validity of the shade guide were tested in 110 participants. Four calibrated observers evaluated the color matching using a shade guide and scored the matches from 1 (poor match) to 4 (perfect match). The inter-observer reliability was analyzed using Cohen's kappa and Fleiss' kappa. Silicone swatches were fabricated for 79 participants with 100% observer agreement, and these swatches were assessed for color-matching satisfaction by the goodness-of-fit test.
resultsThe study demonstrated 100% observer agreement for 79 (71.9%) participants, 75% agreement for 27 (24.5%) participants, and 50% agreement for four (3.6%) participants. Cohen's kappa revealed excellent inter-observer reliability, with values ranging from 0.81 to 0.97 among the observer pairs. Fleiss' kappa for all observers indicated substantial agreement (0.85). Silicone swatches constructed for participants with perfect agreement were evaluated for color matching and achieved high satisfaction scores across all observers. Observers reported being "completely satisfied" with the shade guide in 52 (65.8%) to 55 (69.6%) participants, with minimal dissatisfaction. The shade guide demonstrated superior reliability and precision compared with prior studies, highlighting its clinical utility in Indian patients.
conclusionThis research effectively established a silicone shade guide comprising 24 distinct shades specifically designed for the Indian demographic, organized into light, medium, and dark categories. Each of these categories included eight subshades. The guide exhibited excellent inter-observer reliability, accurate color matching, and substantial satisfaction levels among the observers, thereby providing notable clinical application in the field of maxillofacial prosthetics.
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