Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39995103›Full record

ArticleBJPsych open2025

A pilot study of a ketogenic diet in bipolar disorder: clinical, metabolic and magnetic resonance spectroscopy findings.

Iain H Campbell, Nicole Needham, Helen Grossi, Ivana Kamenska, Saturnino Luz, Shane Sheehan, Gerard Thompson, Michael J Thrippleton, Melissa C Gibbs, Joana Leitao and 16 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in BJPsych open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
24citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

24 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Trial
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  7. Imaging brain energetics to advance metabolic psychiatry.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

26 authors.

Iain H CampbellDivision of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8756-1326
Nicole NeedhamDivision of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3610-1669
Helen GrossiDepartment of Nutrition and Dietetics, Royal Hospital for Children and Young People, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK.
Ivana KamenskaUsher Institute, University of Edinburgh, UK.
Saturnino LuzUsher Institute, University of Edinburgh, UK.
Shane SheehanCentre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, UK.
Gerard ThompsonCentre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK.
Michael J ThrippletonCentre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK.
Melissa C GibbsCentre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK.
Joana LeitaoEdinburgh Imaging Facility, University of Edinburgh, UK.
Tessa MosesCentre for Engineering Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK.
Karl BurgessInstitute of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Edinburgh, UK.
Benjamin P RigbyPopulation Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, UK.
Sharon A SimpsonSchool of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, UK.
Emma McIntoshHealth Economics and Health Technology Assessment, University of Glasgow, UK.
Rachel BrownDepartment of Psychiatry, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK.
Ben MeadowcroftDepartment of Psychiatry, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK.
Frances CreasyDepartment of Psychiatry, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK.
Maja Mitchell-GrigorjevaImpact and Development, Bipolar Scotland, Edinburgh, UK.
John NorrieUsher Institute, University of Edinburgh, UK.
Ailsa McLellanDepartment of Paediatric Neurology, Royal Hospital for Children and Young People, NHS Lothian, Glasgow, UK.
Cheryl FisherDepartment of Nutrition and Dietetics, Royal Hospital for Children and Young People, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK.
Tomasz ZielińskiCentre for Engineering Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK.
Giulia GaggioniDivision of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK.
Harry CampbellUsher Institute, University of Edinburgh, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6169-6262
Daniel J SmithDivision of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2267-1951

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundPreliminary evidence suggests that a ketogenic diet may be effective for bipolar disorder.

aimsTo assess the impact of a ketogenic diet in bipolar disorder on clinical, metabolic and magnetic resonance spectroscopy outcomes.

methodEuthymic individuals with bipolar disorder (

resultsOf 27 recruited participants, 26 began and 20 completed the ketogenic diet. For participants completing the intervention, mean body weight fell by 4.2 kg (

conclusionsThese findings suggest that a ketogenic diet may be clinically useful in bipolar disorder, for both mental health and metabolic outcomes. Replication and randomised controlled trials are now warranted.

Indexed as

Bipolar disorderketogenic dietketosismagnetic resonance spectroscopymetabolic psychiatry

Identifiers

PMID39995103
PMCPMC12001942

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.