SynthesisBMC public health2025
Prevalence of smoking among Iranian university students: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in BMC public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Perceived risk of developing lung cancer and its association with nicotine dependence and smoking behavior among adults who smoke in Golestan Province, Iran.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2026Article
- Patterns and Correlates of Co-occurring Smoking, Alcohol Use, Gambling, and High Internet Use Among University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study in Türkiye.Journal of community health · 2026Article
- Smoking Prevalence and Initiation Reasons Among College Students - China, 2025.China CDC weekly · 2026Article
- Prevalence, knowledge, attitude, and practice of vaping among university students in the United Arab Emirates: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Prevalence and Determinants of Tobacco Smoking Among University Students in Jordan: A Cross-Sectional Study.Tobacco use insights · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe tobacco epidemic is one of the biggest threats to public health globally. This study evaluates the prevalence of smoking among Iranian university students.
methodsA comprehensive search was conducted in international databases (Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed) and domestic databases (Magiran, SID, Irandoc). Cross-sectional studies in Farsi and English from 2012 to 2023 were included. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to assess the quality of the articles. Heterogeneity was examined using Cochran's test and the I
resultsOut of 840 articles identified through the search, 149 records were removed as duplicates. Of the remaining 691 records screened for relevancy to the review question, 635 were excluded. Fifty-six reports were sought for full-text retrieval, and 54 full-text articles were successfully retrieved. However, 11 reports were excluded due to invalid data or insufficient information. Ultimately, 43 studies reporting the prevalence of smoking or the number of smokers in general, by gender, were included in the analysis. Specifically, 28 studies were included for males, 23 for females, and 43 for overall conditions. The overall prevalence of smoking was estimated to be 16% for both sexes combined, 26% for males, and 7% for females.
conclusionsThe prevalence of smoking among male and female students is high. Due to the high heterogeneity of the studies, the results of this meta-analysis should be interpreted with caution.
trial registrationThe study is registered in Prospero with the code CRD42021240264.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.