ArticleBMC public health2025
Meteorological factors and normalized difference vegetation index drivers of scrub typhus incidence in Shandong Province based on a 16-year time-frequency analysis.
Article in BMC public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Spatiotemporal prediction of scrub typhus incidence and environmental risk factors in Republic of Korea: a Bayesian hierarchical approach.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2026Article
- Non-linear effects and lag patterns of eco-environmental factors on scrub typhus: a spatiotemporal analysis in Yunnan, China, 2015-2022.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- Epidemiologic features and potential year of life lost of scrub typhus in China: A nationwide surveillance analysis (2006- 2023).PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Distribution and Risk Factors of Scrub Typhus in South Korea, From 2013 to 2019: Bayesian Spatiotemporal Analysis.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2025Article
- Infestation, community structure, seasonal fluctuation and climate-driven dynamics of mites on small mammals at a focus of scrub typhus in southwest China.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveScrub typhus, a natural epidemic disease that seriously impacts the health of the population, has imposed a substantial disease burden in Shandong Province. This study aimed to determine the periodicity of the scrub typhus incidence and identify the environmental risk factors affecting scrub typhus to help prevent and control its occurrence in Shandong Province.
methodsMonthly cases of scrub typhus, mean air temperature, relative humidity, cumulative precipitation, and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data in Shandong Province from 2006 to 2021 were collected. Wavelet analysis was used to determine the incidence period of scrub typhus and to explore the relationships between environmental factors and the incidence of scrub typhus. Additionally, partial wavelet coherence (PWC) was employed to identify whether meteorological factors affect the association between NDVI and scrub typhus incidence.
resultsOur results showed that scrub typhus incidence has a predominantly one-year period, followed by a less powerful six-month period. The wavelet coherence results revealed positive correlations between scrub typhus incidence and temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, and NDVI. Meteorological factors had a lagged effect of approximately 1-2 months (The phase angles of temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity were 59.15°, 56.57°, and 47.17° respectively) on scrub typhus incidence, whereas NDVI showed a lagged effect of approximately 1-2 weeks (The phase angle of NDVI was 18.11°). On the basis of partial wavelet analysis, we found that temperature and precipitation affected the association between NDVI and scrub typhus incidence.
conclusionMeteorological factors and NDVI play important roles in the occurrence of scrub typhus in Shandong Province. Moreover, temperature and precipitation can affect the role of NDVI. This study provides valuable recommendations and resources for the timely detection, mitigation, and management of scrub typhus in Shandong Province.
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