Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39994471›Full record

ArticleNature genetics2025

Whole-genome sequencing analysis identifies rare, large-effect noncoding variants and regulatory regions associated with circulating protein levels.

Gareth Hawkes, Kartik Chundru, Leigh Jackson, Kashyap A Patel, Anna Murray, Andrew R Wood, Caroline F Wright, Michael N Weedon, Timothy M Frayling, Robin N Beaumont

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nature genetics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
20citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. AlphaGenome Atlas:medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026
    Article
  3. Proteogenomics in human populations.Nature reviews. Genetics · 2026
    Review
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  13. Scalable and accurate rare-variant association tests for whole genome sequencing time-to-event analysis in large biobanks.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026
    Article
  14. Article
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  16. Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Gareth Hawkes *Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK. g.hawkes2@exeter.ac.uk.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3367-789X
Kartik ChundruDepartment of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6348-5565
Leigh JacksonDepartment of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0260-5295
Kashyap A PatelDepartment of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9240-8104
Anna MurrayDepartment of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2351-2522
Andrew R WoodDepartment of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1726-948X
Caroline F WrightDepartment of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2958-5076
Michael N Weedon *Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK. m.n.weedon@exeter.ac.uk.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6174-6135
Timothy M Frayling *Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK. t.m.frayling@exeter.ac.uk.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8362-2603
Robin N Beaumont *Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK. r.beaumont@exeter.ac.uk.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0750-8248

Funding

Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) 875534RCUK | MRC | Medical Research Foundation MR/T002239/1Wellcome Trust
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The contribution of rare noncoding genetic variation to common phenotypes is largely unknown, as a result of a historical lack of population-scale whole-genome sequencing data and the difficulty of categorizing noncoding variants into functionally similar groups. To begin addressing these challenges, we performed a cis association analysis using whole-genome sequencing data, consisting of 1.1 billion variants, 123 million noncoding aggregate-based tests and 2,907 circulating protein levels in ~50,000 UK Biobank participants. We identified 604 independent rare noncoding single-variant associations with circulating protein levels. Unlike protein-coding variation, rare noncoding genetic variation was almost as likely to increase or decrease protein levels. Rare noncoding aggregate testing identified 357 conditionally independent associated regions. Of these, 74 (21%) were not detectable by single-variant testing alone. Our findings have important implications for the identification, and role, of rare noncoding genetic variation associated with common human phenotypes, including the importance of testing aggregates of noncoding variants.

Indexed as

Genetic VariationRegulatory Sequences, Nucleic AcidWhole Genome SequencingFemaleGenome, HumanGenome-Wide Association StudyHumansMalePhenotypePolymorphism, Single NucleotideUnited Kingdom

Identifiers

PMID39994471
PMCPMC11906349

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.