Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39993315›Full record

ArticleAnnals of internal medicine2025

Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Risk for Depression in Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes : A Target Trial Emulation Study.

Huilin Tang, Ying Lu, William T Donahoo, Sarah C Westen, Yong Chen, Jiang Bian, Jingchuan Guo

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Annals of internal medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
12citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
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  3. Observational
  4. Review
  5. Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Huilin TangDepartment of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida (H.T., Y.L.).ORCID 0000-0002-5814-6657
Ying LuDepartment of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida (H.T., Y.L.).
William T DonahooDivision of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (W.T.D.).ORCID 0000-0002-2126-860X
Sarah C WestenDepartment of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (S.C.W.).ORCID 0000-0001-9891-4529
Yong ChenThe Center for Health AI and Synthesis of Evidence, University of Pennsylvania; The Graduate Group in Applied Mathematics and Computational Science, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania; Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics; Penn Medicine Center for Evidence-based Practice; and Penn Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (Y.C.).ORCID 0000-0003-0835-0788
Jiang BianDepartment of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (J.B.).ORCID 0000-0002-2238-5429
Jingchuan GuoDepartment of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, and Center for Drug Evaluation and Safety, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (J.G.).ORCID 0000-0001-9799-2592

Funding

Supplement of NIDDK R01 newer GLDs and Clinical OutcomesR01DK133465 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA · PI GUO, JINGCHUAN, SHAO, HUI · 2022 to 2025
$2.8M
NIDDK NIH HHS R01 DK133465
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundAlthough glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) have shown potential antidepressant effects, population studies yield inconsistent results.

objectiveTo compare the risk for depression in older adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) initiating treatment with GLP-1RAs versus sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) or dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4is).

designTarget trial emulation study.

settingU.S. National Medicare administrative data from January 2014 to December 2020. PATIENTS: Adults aged 66 years or older with T2D initiating treatment with a GLP-1RA were matched 1:1 on propensity score with those initiating treatment with either an SGLT2i or a DPP4i. MEASUREMENTS: The primary end point was incident depression. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) with 95% CI within matched groups.

resultsA total of 14 665 matched pairs of older adults were included in the cohort for GLP-1RAs versus SGLT2is; the rate difference of depression between GLP-1RA users and SGLT2i users was 3.48 (95% CI, -0.81 to 7.78) per 1000 person-years, with an HR of 1.07 (CI, 0.98 to 1.18). In the cohort for GLP-1RAs versus DPP4is (13 711 matched pairs), the rate difference was -5.78 (CI, -10.49 to -1.07) per 1000 person-years, with an HR of 0.90 (CI, 0.82 to 0.98). LIMITATION: Unmeasured confounders (such as hemoglobin A

conclusionAmong older adults with T2D, the incidence of depression was relatively low. Use of GLP-1RAs was associated with a modestly lower risk for depression compared with use of DPP4is, but not SGLT2is. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases of the National Institutes of Health.

Indexed as

DepressionDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV InhibitorsGlucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor AgonistsHypoglycemic AgentsSodium-Glucose Transporter 2 InhibitorsAgedAged, 80 and overFemaleHumansMaleMedicarePropensity ScoreProportional Hazards ModelsUnited StatesDipeptidyl-Peptidase IV InhibitorsGlucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor AgonistsHypoglycemic AgentsSodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors

Identifiers

PMID39993315
PMCPMC12132804

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.