Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39993186›Full record

ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2025

Limited and biased global conservation funding means most threatened species remain unsupported.

Benoit Guénard, Alice C Hughes, Claudianne Lainé, Stefano Cannicci, Bayden D Russell, Gray A Williams

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
22citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

22 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
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  4. Scaling biodiversity conservation through institutional reform.Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology · 2026
    Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Review
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Review
  11. Data deficiency, taxonomic bias, and economic interests curtail insect and arachnid conservation in the United States.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026
    Article
  12. Article
  13. Conservation should assume realistic adaptive capacities.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026
    Article
  14. Biobanking biodiversity: recent strategies, challenges, and opportunities.The Journal of reproduction and development · 2026
    Review
  15. Article
  16. Review
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Benoit GuénardSchool of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.ORCID 0000-0002-7144-1175
Alice C HughesSchool of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.ORCID 0000-0002-4899-3158
Claudianne LainéSchool of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.ORCID 0009-0004-1492-3997
Stefano CannicciDepartment of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino I-50019, Italy.
Bayden D RussellSchool of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.ORCID 0000-0003-1282-9978
Gray A WilliamsSchool of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.ORCID 0000-0003-0193-6591

Funding

The University of Hong Kong N.A.
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The conservation of biodiversity represents a global challenge as the world experiences its sixth mass extinction. Understanding how conservation efforts are allocated is paramount to effectively protect threatened species. We analyzed ~14,600 conservation projects over a 25-y period, revealing substantial taxonomic biases in funding. When matched with formal assessments of species' threat status, several highly threatened groups such as amphibians receive little and ever-decreasing support. Within particular groups (e.g., Mammalia, Reptilia), funding is directed to a very narrow selection of taxa, leaving the majority of their threatened species with limited or no support. More attention is urgently needed to assess the extinction risks of neglected taxa, especially smaller species. Paradoxically, while approximately 6% of species identified as threatened were supported by conservation funds, 29% of the funding was allocated to species of "least concern". A more holistic distribution of conservation funding is, therefore, urgently needed if we are to protect biodiversity efficiently. We suggest avenues and mechanisms for a more balanced coverage of threatened species within conservation programs and highlight some of the benefits that could be derived from such an approach.

Indexed as

Conservation of Natural ResourcesEndangered SpeciesAnimalsBiodiversityExtinction, BiologicalbiodiversityconservationfundingIUCN red listtaxonomic biases

Identifiers

PMID39993186
PMCPMC11892620

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.