ArticleHeliyon2025
Association of urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with urinary incontinence in adults: A cross-sectional study.
Article in Heliyon, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the association between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites and urinary incontinence (UI) in the general adult population. This study analyzed six urinary PAH metabolites in the general adult population from the 2005-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). UI was distinguished into stress UI (SUI), urgency UI (UUI), mixed UI (MUI), and any UI by self-reported questionnaires. Multiple logistic regression, restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression, and quantile g-computation (QG-C) were applied to assess the association between PAHs (individual and mixture exposure) and the prevalence of UI. A total of 8,136 participants were included in our study. The participants had a median age of 45.9 years, and 48.7 % of individuals were female. Most ln-transformed PAHs were positively and linearly related to the prevalence of SUI and any UI in women (
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