Air sampling accurately captures circulating zoonotic viral diversity emerging from poultry live-animal markets.

Environmental surveillance has emerged as a pivotal strategy for early detection of pathogens that pose threats to humans (1) but has not been utilized for zoonotic agents. In Asia, live-bird markets (LBMs) are key human-animal interfaces for zoonotic virus transmission (2). Traditional sampling strategies are time-consuming, expensive, threaten animal welfare and have significant occupational biosafety risks. In this study, we assessed the performance of metagenomics on environmental samples (ES) compared to traditional poultry swabs for detecting avian viral pathogens in LBMs in Cambodia. ES, including air, cage swabs, and carcass wash water, were collected alongside throat and cloacal swabs from domestic chickens and ducks across twelve sampling visits in two LBMs over a 15-month period. Viral nucleic acids were extracted and sequenced using a capture probe-based metagenomics approach. Our results show that metagenomics on ES outperformed traditional poultry samples in detecting the highly pathogenic Influenza A/H5N1, including circulating clades 2.3.4.4b and 2.3.2.1c, which were found in the environment but missed by poultry swabs on multiple occasions. Environmental metagenomics was also highly sensitive in the detection of over 40 other viruses from key pathogen families such as