ArticleSmall (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)2026
Nasal Delivery of mRNA Using Thermoresponsive Gellable Aqueous Biphasic Systems.
Article in Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Stimuli-Responsive Nasal in situ Gel Drug Delivery Systems: from Material Design to Clinical Translation.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) emerged as a versatile therapeutic for the prevention and treatment of various diseases, being widely used in the "third-generation vaccines." Innovative delivery vehicles, including lipid nanoparticles and liposomes, were developed to preserve mRNA and allow efficient delivery. On the other hand, nasal vaccination has demonstrated to be effective against respiratory infections. Nevertheless, mRNA's vulnerability to enzymatic degradation, low nasal permeability, and rapid clearance are still critical challenges. Liposomal hydrogels enable bioadhesion and localized drug release; however, these may exhibit cytotoxicity due to the required cross-linking agents. To overcome these drawbacks, a gellable aqueous biphasic system (ABS), composed of water, poly(ethylene) glycol, and gelatin is proposed, as a promising approach for mRNA nasal delivery. This approach, using a gellable biopolymer, eliminates the need for chemical cross-linkers. The developed liposomal hydrogels enables localized and safe mRNA release without associated cytotoxicity toward upper airway epithelial cells. Validation through scanning electron and fluorescence microscopies reveal efficient mRNA entrapment, with a prolonged delivery of up to 30 min. Additionally, by entrapping nanoparticles within hydrogels, a significant reduction in toxicity is demonstrated. The formulated liposomal hydrogels demonstrate comparable transfection efficiency to commercial alternatives, showcasing their potential for safe and effective nasal gene delivery.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.