ReviewBiomarker research2025
Toll-like receptor 3: a double-edged sword.
Review in Biomarker research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed.
- Insights into human TLR9 structural dynamics and recognition of pathogen-associated CpG DNA using molecular dynamics simulation.iScience · 2026Article
- Engineering nanoparticle surface chemistry for antigen-presenting cell targeting improves specificity and safety of TLR3 agonist cancer immunotherapy.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Toll-like Receptor 3 as a Context-Dependent Molecular Switch in Epithelial Cancers: Balancing Cell Death and Tumor-Supportive Programs.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Heat-inactivated Bacillus spores attenuate poly I:C-induced lung inflammation and microbiome alterations through modulation of host immune responses.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Decoding Undesirable Inflammatory Responses of Nucleic Acid-Delivering Lipid Nanoparticles.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Mitochondrial double-stranded RNA fuels pancreatic cancer growth via RIG-I/TLR3 inflammation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- TGIF2-mediated HMGB3 overexpression promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma proliferation and metastasis through TLR3/TGF-β signaling.Genes & diseases · 2026Article
- Identification of novel reproducible combinatorial genetic risk factors for myalgic encephalomyelitis in the DecodeME patient cohort and commonalities with long COVID.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics reveal TNF-α promotes glioblastoma proliferation and migration via CP-mediated KLF10 upregulation.Functional & integrative genomics · 2026Article
- Bacteriophages JEP7 and PBC2, which target foodborne pathogens, elicit cytokine responses in mammalian cells.Food science and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Context-Dependent Survival Associations Between Interleukin-13 Expression and Immunotherapy in Advanced Solid Tumors.ImmunoTargets and therapy · 2026Article
- Mygalin reduces inflammation by targeting TLR3 signaling pathway in macrophages.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Synthetic double-stranded RNA in antiviral immunity and vaccine adjuvant: insights into poly(I:C) and poly(A:U).Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Siglec-7 inhibits TLR3-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production from human monocytes and macrophages.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Key role of TLR3 in type I IFN expression and apoptosis induction in IBDV-infected chicken fibroblast cells.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 innate immune recognition and implications for respiratory health.Cytokine & growth factor reviews · 2025Review
- The Role of Toll-like Receptors and Viral Infections in the Pathogenesis and Progression of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension-A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Biomaterials nanoplatform-based tumor vaccines for immunotherapy.Bioactive materials · 2025Review
- Innate Immune Response to Powassan Virus Infection: Progress Toward Infection Control.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Human epidermis models demonstrate mediator role of TLR2 and TLR3 for psoriatic inflammation.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The discovery of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their role in dendritic cells earned the Nobel Prize for 2011 because TLRs profoundly enhanced our understanding of the immune system. Specifically, TLR3 is located within the endosomal compartments of dendritic cells and plays a crucial role in the immune response by acting as a pattern recognition receptor that detects both exogenous (viral) and endogenous (mammalian) double-stranded RNA. However, TLR3 activation is a double-edged sword in various immune-mediated diseases. On one hand, it can enhance anti-viral defenses and promote pathogen clearance, contributing to host protection. On the other hand, excessive or dysregulated TLR3 signaling can lead to chronic inflammation and tissue damage, exacerbating conditions such as autoimmune diseases, chronic viral infections, and cancer. In cancer, TLR3 expression has been linked to both favorable and poor prognoses, though the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Recent clinical and preclinical advances have explored the use of TLR3 agonists in cancer immunotherapy, attempting to capitalize on their potential to enhance anti-tumor responses. The dual role of TLR3 highlights its complexity as a therapeutic target, necessitating careful modulation to maximize its protective effects while minimizing potential pathological consequences. In this review, we explore the intricate roles of TLR3 in immune responses across different disease contexts, including cancer, infections, autoimmune disorders, and allergies, highlighting both its protective and detrimental effects in these disorders, as well as progress in developing TLR3 agonists as part of the immunotherapy landscape.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.