Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39985971›Full record

ArticleVaccine2025

Attitudes of California school personnel on potential COVID-19 vaccine mandates and state law SB277 to remove nonmedical vaccine exemptions.

Matthew Z Dudley, Alexander J Zapf, Paul Delamater, Tina M Proveaux, Holly B Schuh, Alison M Buttenheim, Jason L Schwartz, Nicola P Klein, Kristin Goddard, Kavin M Patel and 2 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Vaccine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Matthew Z DudleyInstitute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Electronic address: mattdudley@jhu.edu.
Alexander J ZapfDepartment of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Paul DelamaterDepartment of Geography and Carolina Population Center, The University of North Carolina, 123 West Franklin St., Suite 210, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA.
Tina M ProveauxInstitute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
Holly B SchuhInstitute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
Alison M ButtenheimDepartment of Family and Community Health, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, 418 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4217, USA; Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1118 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6021, USA; Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, 3641 Locust Walk Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Jason L SchwartzDepartment of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06520-0834, USA.
Nicola P KleinKaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94612, USA.
Kristin GoddardKaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94612, USA.
Kavin M PatelYale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
Saad B OmerPeter O'Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, UT Southwestern, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
Daniel A SalmonInstitute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Health Behavior Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.

Funding

Impact of eliminating nonmedical exemptions in CaliforniaR01AI125405 · NIAID · YALE UNIVERSITY · PI SCHWARTZ, JASON LEE · 2016 to 2020
$3.8M
NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI125405
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

California passed Senate Bill 277 in 2015, eliminating nonmedical exemptions to school immunization requirements. California elementary school personnel who worked with parents on meeting school immunization requirements were surveyed in 2022. Of the 122 survey respondents, half (50 %) were school principals, 11 % were registrars, 9 % were health clerks, and 7 % were nurses. Only one-quarter (26 %) believed their school had authority to deny medical exemptions. Almost half supported COVID-19 vaccine mandates for children in elementary (43 %), middle (44 %), and high (49 %) schools. Almost half (42 %) were concerned that children's immune systems could be weakened by too many shots, and nearly one-third thought immunizations do more harm than good (32 %). Among our sample of California schools, many personnel working with parents on meeting immunization requirements were not clinically trained, were unaware of their responsibility to deny invalid medical exemptions, and had vaccine concerns. Vaccine education for school personnel and further involvement of school nurses in the implementation and enforcement of school immunization requirements could have a positive impact on vaccine coverage and disease prevention.

Indexed as

COVID-19COVID-19 VaccinesEducational PersonnelMandatory ProgramsVaccinationAdultCaliforniaChildFemaleHumansImmunization ProgramsMaleMiddle AgedSARS-CoV-2SchoolsSurveys and QuestionnairesCOVID-19 VaccinesCaliforniaCOVID-19Immunization requirementsSB277Vaccine mandatesVaccine policy

Identifiers

PMID39985971
PMCPMC11975493

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.