Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39984472›Full record

ArticleNature communications2025

Integrated sensing and communication based on space-time-coding metasurfaces.

Xiao Qing Chen, Lei Zhang, Yi Ning Zheng, Shuo Liu, Zhuo Ran Huang, Jing Cheng Liang, Marco Di Renzo, Vincenzo Galdi, Tie Jun Cui

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
18citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

18 citing papers in PubMed.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Xiao Qing Chen *Institute of Electromagnetic Space and State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4574-8376
Lei Zhang *Institute of Electromagnetic Space and State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, China. njzhanglei@seu.edu.cn.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8791-6374
Yi Ning Zheng *Institute of Electromagnetic Space and State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
Shuo LiuInstitute of Electromagnetic Space and State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
Zhuo Ran HuangInstitute of Electromagnetic Space and State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
Jing Cheng LiangInstitute of Electromagnetic Space and State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
Marco Di RenzoLaboratoire des Signaux et Systèmes, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CentraleSupélec, Gif-sur-Yvette, France. marco.direnzo@universite-paris-saclay.fr.
Vincenzo GaldiFields & Waves Lab, Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy. vgaldi@unisannio.it.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4796-3600
Tie Jun CuiInstitute of Electromagnetic Space and State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, China. tjcui@seu.edu.cn.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5862-1497

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China) 62288101
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Programmable metasurfaces (PMs), also called reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs), are planar structures capable of dynamically manipulating electromagnetic waves in real-time. Regarded as a key enabling technology for implementing smart wireless propagation environments, PMs/RISs also serve as an ideal supporting platform for integrated sensing and communication (ISAC). Here, we propose two ISAC schemes based on a special type of PMs/RISs: space-time-coding metasurfaces (STCMs). By leveraging space-time-coding strategies, STCMs simultaneously control the propagation at the fundamental (carrier) frequency for reliable wireless communication and generate spatially distributed harmonics for sensing. The proposed schemes seamlessly integrate both communication and sensing on a shared hardware platform, eliminating the need for additional sensors. For experimental validation, we implemented an ISAC system using a 2-bit STCM operating at microwave frequencies. Experimental results align with theoretical predictions, confirming the practical viability and effectiveness of the proposed ISAC schemes for applications in communication, imaging, radar, and sensing systems.

Identifiers

PMID39984472
PMCPMC11845482

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.