ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2025
Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus Genotypes in Unvaccinated 16- to 20-Year-Old Men in Quebec, Canada.
Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04297670 (Evaluation of the Impact of Quebec HPV Immunization Program), which is not on this map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Evaluation of the Impact of Quebec HPV Immunization Program: Prevalence of HPV Types in 16-20 Year Old Males
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Validating sociodemographic disparities in HPV vaccine uptake in a universal, publicly funded, low barrier, school-based immunisation program in the Vancouver Coastal Health region of British Columbia, Canada: A cross-sectional study.Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique · 2026Article
- Population-level impact of quadrivalent HPV vaccination in Brazil: a repeated cross-sectional study.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Temporal trends in anal HPV infection among men who have sex with men attending sexual health clinics in three United States cities, 2018-2024.Sexually transmitted diseases · 2026Article
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5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSince 2008, Quebec (Canada) has had a school-based human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination program achieving >90% coverage (≥ 1 dose) in girls by age 15. In 2018, Quebec was the first jurisdiction to switch to a mixed schedule (nonavalent + bivalent), and as such wanted to evaluate it. However, when devising an evaluation strategy for new vaccine schedules, the presence of herd effect needs to be ascertained. With this in mind, this study aimed to measure HPV prevalence among unvaccinated 16- to 20-year-old sexually active men.
methodsIn 2020-2022, men were recruited from schools and online across the province of Quebec. Participants completed an online questionnaire and provided a self-collected penile swab (surface) for HPV detection and genotyping (Anyplex II-HPV28 Detection assay). Risk factors associated with HPV positivity were assessed. Vaccination status (unvaccinated) was verified through the Quebec Vaccination Registry.
resultsOverall, 369 participants provided a sample suitable for HPV testing. HPV prevalence was 18.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 14.6%-22.8%). Only 2 participants harbored a quadrivalent (4vHPV)-targeted genotype (0.5% [95% CI, .1%-1.9%]), both of whom reported sexual contact with men. In multivariate analysis, age, greater number of lifetime sexual partners, and history of other sexually transmitted infections were independently associated with positivity for at least 1 HPV genotype.
conclusionsThe low 4vHPV-targeted genotype prevalence (<1%) among unvaccinated men of the same age as women vaccinated with 4vHPV suggests a strong herd immunity among young adults in Quebec. Evaluation of schedule changes will have to take this finding into account. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT04297670.
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