ArticlePloS one2025
HIV retesting prevalence among clients accessing anti-retroviral therapy and HIV testing services in Ghana.
Article in PloS one, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Experiences of Testing Negative or Positive for HIV in Malawi, South Africa, and Zambia: A Cross-Sectional Study.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
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Abstract
introductionGhana is working towards achieving the 95-95-95 targets for its HIV response. One challenge has been low linkage to care rates, possibly due to high rates of retesting among people living with HIV who are already aware of their status. This leads to an overestimation of the first 95 and a subsequent underestimation of the second 95. This study aimed to measure the prevalence of HIV retesting among PLHIV in Ghana who are already aware of their status and to explore their reasons for retesting.
methodsThis was a facility-based cross-sectional study conducted in the three ecological zones of Ghana. A total of 11,145 individuals from 30 ART centres and 90 HTS centres participated. The sample size for each zone was determined proportionally based on the number of people enrolled in ART. A profiling tool was used to assess testing behaviours among clients visiting HTS sites linked to ART clinics. Focus group discussions were also conducted with clients and health workers to gather their perceptions of reasons for retesting.
resultsParticipants were predominantly female (74.3%; 8,285/11,145), with a median age (interquartile range) of 43.0 (35-52). The prevalence of retesting among ART clients was 32.9% [95% CI: 0.32-0.34] (3,670/11,145). Among those who retested, the majority did so twice (2,041; 55.6%). Of the clients who tested positive for HIV during the study period, 53.1% (43/835; 95% CI: 0.49-0.57) had a previous HIV diagnosis. Adjusting for retesting, the positivity rate at HTS sites decreased from 8.4% to 4.1%. Key reasons for retesting included the desire to confirm diagnosis, denial and doubt regarding test results, retesting required due to documentation issues, and religious beliefs.
conclusionThe prevalence of retesting over the past six years was found to be high, resulting in an overestimation of HIV positivity rates and affecting linkage to care. Implementing interventions to accurately account for retesting instances may improve data accuracy and the country's linkage to care rate, bringing Ghana closer to achieving the 95-95-95 targets.
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