ReviewAnnals of joint2025
Radiological assessment of lower limb torsional deformities: a narrative review.
Review in Annals of joint, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Three-dimensional lower limb alignment in healthy Chinese adults: Gender-specific phenotypes and ethnic variations for personalised correction.Journal of experimental orthopaedics · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background and Objective: The evaluation of both femoral and tibial torsional profiles remains a challenge in the orthopedic practice since there is no agreement on the most precise and reliable measurement method and technique. The aim of this review is to collect and critically report the most relevant and up-to-date evidence on the radiological techniques available to determine lower limb torsional deformities and to discuss the advantages and limitations of each technique to better define their optimal field of application. Methods: Literature research on PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar databases was performed, utilizing the following search string: "torsion" AND ("lower limb" OR "femur" OR "tibia"). Relevant clinical and preclinical studies evaluating different radiological techniques to assess lower limb torsional deformities, and possibly comparing them, were collected and critically reviewed. Key Content and Findings: Computed tomography (CT) is still considered the best method to measure both femoral and tibial torsional angles. Its main limitation, the radiation exposure, has been recently addressed with ultra-low dose protocols that were proven to be as accurate as standard protocols. On the other hand, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers a nonionizing, radiation-free option that is now considered almost equivalent to CT. However, MRI consists in a long and expensive procedure that can be hindered by issues linked to metal implants, patient's positioning and measurement variabilities. Lastly, three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions derived from low-dose biplanar radiographies (LD-BRs) have been proposed as a low-radiating, quick and reliable solution to overcome the limitations of both MRI and CT scans. Conclusions: To date, CT has still to be considered the gold standard for the radiological assessment of lower limb torsional deformities. Nonetheless, MRI and LD-BR have been proven to be valid and reliable alternatives, especially in specific clinical settings.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.