ReviewFrontiers in neuroscience2025
Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal and gut-brain axes in biological interaction pathway of the depression.
Review in Frontiers in neuroscience, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 89 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
89 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Effects of probiotic supplementation on subjective and objective sleep outcomes: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of 39 randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Gut microbiome and pregnancy complications: emerging evidence and mechanistic insights.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Maternal stress is associated with oral microbiota diversity patterns in pregnant women in Quito, Ecuador.Comprehensive psychoneuroendocrinology · 2026Article
- Review
- Abdominal Bloating in the Modern Era: Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Environmental Contributors.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Unraveling the Mechanistic Insights ofNutrients · 2026Review
- The Adolescent Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis: Development, Mechanisms, and Translational Perspectives.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Exercise-induced neuropeptidergic and neurochemical neuroadaptation in stress regulation and emotional disorders.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2026Review
- Diet, the Gut Microbiome, and Mental Health: Mechanistic Perspectives.Molecular nutrition & food research · 2026Review
- Exercise-Mediated Molecular Mechanisms of Antidepressant Effects: The Role of the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Neuroinflammation, HPA Axis Dysregulation, Cytokine Activity and Nutritional Modulation in Depression: A PRISMA-compliant Systematic Review.Annals of neurosciences · 2026Review
- Clustering of Unhealthy Diets, Inflammation Levels, and Depressive Symptoms in Chinese Adolescents: A Longitudinal Study.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Epigenetic legacies of famine: mechanistic pathways to obesity in modern environments.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Association between lifestyle inflammation score and quality of life according to depressive symptom status: a cross-sectional study in the Republic of Korea.Osong public health and research perspectives · 2026Article
- From association to causality: mechanistic pathways linking the gut microbiome to psychiatric disorders.Translational psychiatry · 2026Review
- Gut microbiota-driven metabolites modulate the development of stress-related mental disorders.Translational psychiatry · 2026Review
- Postbiotics in Functional Foods: Preparation-Based Characterization, Gut-Brain Axis Interactions, and Translational Perspectives.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Chronic unpredictable mild Stress- induced neurobehavioral and metabolic alteration: insights into molecular mechanisms and emerging therapeutic Strategies".Psychopharmacology · 2026Review
- Gut Microbiota Resilience and Environmental Stressors: A Hidden Key to Lifespan Optimization?Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Review
29 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and gut-brain axes are vital biological pathways in depression. The HPA axis regulates the body's stress response, and chronic stress can lead to overactivation of the HPA axis, resulting in elevated cortisol levels that contribute to neuronal damage, particularly in regions such as the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, both of which are involved in mood regulation and mental disorders. In parallel, the gut-brain axis, a bidirectional communication network between the gut microbiota and the central nervous system, influences emotional and cognitive functions. Imbalances in gut microbiota can affect the HPA axis, promoting inflammation and increasing gut permeability. This allows endotoxins to enter the bloodstream, contributing to neuroinflammation and altering neurotransmitter production, including serotonin. Since the majority of serotonin is produced in the gut, disruptions in this pathway may be linked to depressive symptoms. This review explores the interplay between the HPA axis and the gut-brain axis in the context of depression.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.