ArticleFrontiers in pharmacology2025
Article in Frontiers in pharmacology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Engineering Functional Biomaterials for Targeted and Localized Cancer Drug Delivery: A Structure-Property-Performance Design Perspective.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Synergistic anticancer activity of frankincense aqueous extract with sorafenib in HepG2 cells and its UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS-based metabolomic profiling.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Potent Anticancer, Antimicrobial, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Boswellia sacra Extracted Oil Nanoemulgel.BioMed research international · 2026Article
- Integrated metabolomic, nanoformulation, and network pharmacology approach reveals multifunctional bioactivities of anFrontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Article
- In-vitro assessment of anti-breast cancer potential of pumpkin seed oil nanoemulsion with mechanistic insights into cytotoxicity and apoptosis.Scientific reports · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Frankincense has demonstrated promising Methods: Frankincense resins were extracted and characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), identifying key metabolites including isopinocarveol, α-thujene, p-cymene, carvone, germacrene A, and various methyl esters. FO-based nanoemulsions (FO-NEs) were prepared and optimized using a 3-factor, 3-level Box-Behnken Design (BBD), with 10% FO (v/v), 40% surfactant (cremophor EL), and co-surfactant (Transcutol P). The optimized FO-NEs were evaluated for particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, and morphology using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Cytotoxicity, wound healing, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) assays were performed against breast cancer (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-231-TR) and lung cancer (A549, A549-TR, H1299) cell lines. Results: The optimized FO-NEs exhibited an average particle size of 65.1 ± 4.21 nm, a PDI of 0.258 ± 0.04, and a zeta potential of -22.3 ± 1.2 mV. SEM and AFM confirmed the spherical morphology of the FO-NEs. In vitro cytotoxicity studies revealed enhanced anticancer activity of FO-NEs (IC50 = 13.2 μg/mL) compared to free FO (IC50 = 22.5 μg/mL) against resistant breast cancer MDA-MB-231-TR cells. FO-NEs significantly improved cancer cell internalization, disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential, and increased ROS generation, leading to enhanced cytotoxic effects. Discussion: The results demonstrate that nanoemulsion-based delivery significantly enhances the bioactivity and cellular uptake of frankincense oil compared to its free form. FO-NEs exhibit potent anticancer activity, particularly against drug-resistant cancer cell lines, suggesting their potential as a viable strategy for improving the therapeutic efficacy of frankincense in cancer treatment.
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